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Incerto #1
Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets
Everyone wants to succeed in life. But what causes some of us to be more successful than others? Is it really down to skill and strategy; or something altogether more unpredictable? This book is the word-of-mouth sensation that will change the way you think about business and the world. It is all about luck: more precisely, how we perceive luck in our personal and professional experiences. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the markets we hear an entrepreneur has vision or a trader is talented, but all too often their performance is down to chance rather than skill. It is only because we fail to understand probability that we continue to believe events are non-random, finding reasons where none exist. This irreverent bestseller has shattered the illusions of people around the world by teaching them how to recognize randomness. Now it can do the same for you.
359 pages, Kindle Edition
First published November 3, 2001
156 people are currently reading
1,651 people want to read
About the author
Nassim Nicholas Taleb
56books14kfollowersNassim Nicholas Taleb spent 21 years as a risk taker (quantitative trader) before becoming a flaneur and researcher in philosophical, mathematical and (mostly) practical problems with probability. �
Taleb is the author of a multivolume essay, the Incerto (The Black Swan, Fooled by Randomness, Antifragile, and Skin in the Game) an investigation of opacity, luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision making when we don’t understand the world, expressed in the form of a personal essay with autobiographical sections, stories, parables, and philosophical, historical, and scientic discussions in nonover lapping volumes that can be accessed in any order.
In addition to his trader life, Taleb has also written, as a backup of the Incerto, more than 50 scholarly papers in statistical physics, statistics, philosophy, ethics, economics, international affairs, and quantitative finance, all around the notion of risk and probability.
Taleb is currently Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering at NYU's Tandon School of Engineering (only a quarter time position). His current focus is on the properties of systems that can handle disorder ("antifragile").
Taleb believes that prizes, honorary degrees, awards, and ceremonialism debase knowledge by turning it into a spectator sport.
See Wikipedia for more details.
Taleb is the author of a multivolume essay, the Incerto (The Black Swan, Fooled by Randomness, Antifragile, and Skin in the Game) an investigation of opacity, luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision making when we don’t understand the world, expressed in the form of a personal essay with autobiographical sections, stories, parables, and philosophical, historical, and scientic discussions in nonover lapping volumes that can be accessed in any order.
In addition to his trader life, Taleb has also written, as a backup of the Incerto, more than 50 scholarly papers in statistical physics, statistics, philosophy, ethics, economics, international affairs, and quantitative finance, all around the notion of risk and probability.
Taleb is currently Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering at NYU's Tandon School of Engineering (only a quarter time position). His current focus is on the properties of systems that can handle disorder ("antifragile").
Taleb believes that prizes, honorary degrees, awards, and ceremonialism debase knowledge by turning it into a spectator sport.
See Wikipedia for more details.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 3,431 reviews
November 19, 2008
Yeah, you see. I’ve just checked and most of the other reviews of this book do pretty much what I thought they would do. They complain about the tone. This guy is never going to win an award for modesty and he probably thinks you are stupid and have wasted your life. And it gets worse � like that quote from Oscar Wilde that has tormented me for years: “Work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do�, this guy reckons that if you work for more than an hour or so per day you are probably too stupid to know (or deserve) any better.
Do you hate him yet? I didn’t. I found him very amusing. Admittedly, I probably wouldn’t want to be stuck beside him on a long flight somewhere � but I don’t really go on long flights anywhere, so it doesn’t make too much sense using that as a criterion for anything.
Let’s make a proper start. I’m going to tell you something about Heraclitus. Probably best known for some pithy little quotes about change that he made up all by himself a very long time ago. “You can never stand in � � “All is flux�. Heraclitus’s vision of the world was that what is important is change, everything else is transitory and impermanent.
Bertrand Russell claims that Heraclitus came from an aristocratic family that ended up dashed agains the rocks of change and not nearly so well off. The other thing you might need to know about Heraclitus was that he was known as ‘The Obscure�.
I was reminded constantly of Heraclitus while reading this book. The author was also from a well off family that lost everything in the Lebanese War. This also made him focus on change and the nature of unpredictable events. Hardly surprising then that Popper is his favourite philosopher � there is no ultimate truth, rationality is more or less prejudice, everything is awaiting falsification.
I have a love/hate relationship with Karl Popper. I can never work out if he is incredibly naïve (as Taleb proudly boasts that he is) or if he is terribly profound. I do like his idea that we should constantly seek to prove our most beloved theories wrong � but I also think that this level of scepticism is somewhat overstated. There is a line in this book in which we are informed (well, twice actually) that Newton was proven wrong by Einstein. Oh, was he just? I guess all those people shot through the head by guns aimed after the careful application of Newton’s laws of motion suddenly came back to life again then did they? I guess Neil Armstrong, who got to the moon on Newtonian physics, not on the front seat of one of Einstein’s light rays, might also have been a bit surprised at this remarkable over-throw.
Okay, I know, I’m nitpicking, but then again, Taleb does ask for it. He is so contemptuous of the ignorance and foolishness of others that it does become a bit of a sport for him. The one thing you can say about Taleb is that he is not like Heraclitus when it comes to being obscure. He is always very clear, very comprehensive and very interesting.
We should now do some of the people he particularly hates. And in the first rank of those he hates are probably Journalists. Now, it is hard not to agree with him there. He sees Journalism as basically part of the entertainment industry and believes they only really go ‘wrong� when they start to think they serve some purpose beyond entertainment. Then there are business people, who he believes are mostly thick. One of the main contentions of his book is that successful people are often successful by pure chance. As such their abiding emotion should be gratitude. However, as he repeatedly points out, we all tend to believe our successes are proof of our own genius, and that it is only our failings that are the result of bad luck and chance.
This book gives a wonderful introduction to many of the fallacies we humans are all too prone to make. He makes a cogent argument that we can never be ‘purely rational� because we need our emotions to short-circuit the endless decision loop that each ‘purely rational� decision would involve. This book is also a great introduction to probability theory without too many numbers � to the theory without the calculus. Some of his verbal explanations of mistakes are remarkably clear � so clear they virtually jump from the page.
One of the constant themes that I found particularly interesting was that we all suffer from hindsight bias. This is something I will definitely be taking from this book. The idea is that because what has happened in the past has ‘happened� we think it is the only thing that could have happened and then use it to predict what will happen in the future. We forget that events in the past were also the culmination of probabilistic situations that have resolved one way and not another. We forget that these events could just as easily have resolved in another equally probable outcome - one that merely did not occur. The range of fallacies that he shows spring from this one bias is quite remarkable.
Now, I was recommended this book by someone called Yuri and the funniest story in the book also starred someone called Yuri. It is when he is discussing Stock Market people applying for jobs with him. One of the things they tend to put on their CVs is that they play chess. They do this because playing chess means they are both ‘analytical� and ‘strategic�. These are obviously good things to be - in fact, I think I would like to be both of these things. Since you can be both of these things just by declaring yourself to be them, we shall take it as read from now on that I am both of these. Taleb tends to prefer to associate with Russian Physicists, not just because they think like him, but also because they can give him lessons in chess and teach him to play piano. When one of these new stock market trader types applies for a job and says that they play chess � Taleb brings this up and then says, “And this is Yuri who will now continue the interview�. And here Yuri appears with a chess board in front of him�
I once watched a Russian playing a non-Russian at chess. The Russian spent the entire time laughing his head off after every move. I don't know if it was because the moves made by his opponent were so useless that he truly found them funny or because this was all part of the psychological warfare - but he did slaughter his non-Russian opponent, so perhaps a bit of both.
This is another book inspired by behavioural economics (like Freakonomics and Predictably Irrational - I'm becoming a bit of a fan of behavioural economics.
If you take this book in good humour, if you allow yourself to listen and not get worked up about his ‘inappropriate tone� (god save us from those who complain about inappropriate tone) you will learn something from this book and maybe even have a good time.
And I can do a two word review of this book - Shit Happens!
Do you hate him yet? I didn’t. I found him very amusing. Admittedly, I probably wouldn’t want to be stuck beside him on a long flight somewhere � but I don’t really go on long flights anywhere, so it doesn’t make too much sense using that as a criterion for anything.
Let’s make a proper start. I’m going to tell you something about Heraclitus. Probably best known for some pithy little quotes about change that he made up all by himself a very long time ago. “You can never stand in � � “All is flux�. Heraclitus’s vision of the world was that what is important is change, everything else is transitory and impermanent.
Bertrand Russell claims that Heraclitus came from an aristocratic family that ended up dashed agains the rocks of change and not nearly so well off. The other thing you might need to know about Heraclitus was that he was known as ‘The Obscure�.
I was reminded constantly of Heraclitus while reading this book. The author was also from a well off family that lost everything in the Lebanese War. This also made him focus on change and the nature of unpredictable events. Hardly surprising then that Popper is his favourite philosopher � there is no ultimate truth, rationality is more or less prejudice, everything is awaiting falsification.
I have a love/hate relationship with Karl Popper. I can never work out if he is incredibly naïve (as Taleb proudly boasts that he is) or if he is terribly profound. I do like his idea that we should constantly seek to prove our most beloved theories wrong � but I also think that this level of scepticism is somewhat overstated. There is a line in this book in which we are informed (well, twice actually) that Newton was proven wrong by Einstein. Oh, was he just? I guess all those people shot through the head by guns aimed after the careful application of Newton’s laws of motion suddenly came back to life again then did they? I guess Neil Armstrong, who got to the moon on Newtonian physics, not on the front seat of one of Einstein’s light rays, might also have been a bit surprised at this remarkable over-throw.
Okay, I know, I’m nitpicking, but then again, Taleb does ask for it. He is so contemptuous of the ignorance and foolishness of others that it does become a bit of a sport for him. The one thing you can say about Taleb is that he is not like Heraclitus when it comes to being obscure. He is always very clear, very comprehensive and very interesting.
We should now do some of the people he particularly hates. And in the first rank of those he hates are probably Journalists. Now, it is hard not to agree with him there. He sees Journalism as basically part of the entertainment industry and believes they only really go ‘wrong� when they start to think they serve some purpose beyond entertainment. Then there are business people, who he believes are mostly thick. One of the main contentions of his book is that successful people are often successful by pure chance. As such their abiding emotion should be gratitude. However, as he repeatedly points out, we all tend to believe our successes are proof of our own genius, and that it is only our failings that are the result of bad luck and chance.
This book gives a wonderful introduction to many of the fallacies we humans are all too prone to make. He makes a cogent argument that we can never be ‘purely rational� because we need our emotions to short-circuit the endless decision loop that each ‘purely rational� decision would involve. This book is also a great introduction to probability theory without too many numbers � to the theory without the calculus. Some of his verbal explanations of mistakes are remarkably clear � so clear they virtually jump from the page.
One of the constant themes that I found particularly interesting was that we all suffer from hindsight bias. This is something I will definitely be taking from this book. The idea is that because what has happened in the past has ‘happened� we think it is the only thing that could have happened and then use it to predict what will happen in the future. We forget that events in the past were also the culmination of probabilistic situations that have resolved one way and not another. We forget that these events could just as easily have resolved in another equally probable outcome - one that merely did not occur. The range of fallacies that he shows spring from this one bias is quite remarkable.
Now, I was recommended this book by someone called Yuri and the funniest story in the book also starred someone called Yuri. It is when he is discussing Stock Market people applying for jobs with him. One of the things they tend to put on their CVs is that they play chess. They do this because playing chess means they are both ‘analytical� and ‘strategic�. These are obviously good things to be - in fact, I think I would like to be both of these things. Since you can be both of these things just by declaring yourself to be them, we shall take it as read from now on that I am both of these. Taleb tends to prefer to associate with Russian Physicists, not just because they think like him, but also because they can give him lessons in chess and teach him to play piano. When one of these new stock market trader types applies for a job and says that they play chess � Taleb brings this up and then says, “And this is Yuri who will now continue the interview�. And here Yuri appears with a chess board in front of him�
I once watched a Russian playing a non-Russian at chess. The Russian spent the entire time laughing his head off after every move. I don't know if it was because the moves made by his opponent were so useless that he truly found them funny or because this was all part of the psychological warfare - but he did slaughter his non-Russian opponent, so perhaps a bit of both.
This is another book inspired by behavioural economics (like Freakonomics and Predictably Irrational - I'm becoming a bit of a fan of behavioural economics.
If you take this book in good humour, if you allow yourself to listen and not get worked up about his ‘inappropriate tone� (god save us from those who complain about inappropriate tone) you will learn something from this book and maybe even have a good time.
And I can do a two word review of this book - Shit Happens!
February 26, 2013
You can't learn anything from this book; it's just a rant. The author's message is an incessant din of, 'I'm smart. They're stupid'
"trading rooms were populated by people ..devoid of any introspection, flat as a pancake..." p28
"these scientists ... devoid of the smallest bit of practical intelligence" p 30
The author likes the word 'devoid'.
"I was saved from the conversation of MBAs."
"but i could not conceal my disrespect ... as he could not make out the nature of my conversation" p.31
"a journalist ... is merely to sound smart and intelligent to the hordes" p 35
He could have enlightened us about financial trading by giving us examples of how traders think on specific trades. Instead he reverts to generalization using fantasy scenarios. He deprecates losers without seeking to explain and understand those loser minds he excoriates. Nor does he explain winner thinking for that matter; except for the generality of praising caution.
I stopped reading this book because the probability of finding anything enightening was approaching zero as the pages I read increased.
"trading rooms were populated by people ..devoid of any introspection, flat as a pancake..." p28
"these scientists ... devoid of the smallest bit of practical intelligence" p 30
The author likes the word 'devoid'.
"I was saved from the conversation of MBAs."
"but i could not conceal my disrespect ... as he could not make out the nature of my conversation" p.31
"a journalist ... is merely to sound smart and intelligent to the hordes" p 35
He could have enlightened us about financial trading by giving us examples of how traders think on specific trades. Instead he reverts to generalization using fantasy scenarios. He deprecates losers without seeking to explain and understand those loser minds he excoriates. Nor does he explain winner thinking for that matter; except for the generality of praising caution.
I stopped reading this book because the probability of finding anything enightening was approaching zero as the pages I read increased.
April 30, 2024
This is the first book I've read that suggests success is often more about luck than skill.
Can we create our luck? 🤔 I hope so..... 😅
We frequently mistake random chance for skill, particularly in life and financial markets.
The book highlights how unexpected events, like Black Swans, can lead to significant swings.
It's important not to be misled by short-term wins or losses because there are things we simply can't predict or control.
Humans tend to seek patterns and explanations even when events are purely random.
The first book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb's Incerto series (Incerto Book 1 of 5)
Can we create our luck? 🤔 I hope so..... 😅
We frequently mistake random chance for skill, particularly in life and financial markets.
The book highlights how unexpected events, like Black Swans, can lead to significant swings.
It's important not to be misled by short-term wins or losses because there are things we simply can't predict or control.
Humans tend to seek patterns and explanations even when events are purely random.
The first book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb's Incerto series (Incerto Book 1 of 5)
October 2, 2007
Renowned statistician George Box once said, “All models are wrong, but some are useful.� The author of Fooled by Randomness is all over the first part of this statement, but apparently doesn’t consider it part of his job as an iconoclast to say anything about the second. Taleb goes to great lengths to point out how some of the original assumptions made in investments and finance have blown up in people’s faces. Yes, unusual events do happen more often than a normal distribution suggests. Yes, relationships among securities can change in meltdown scenarios. And yes, people are regularly fooled into thinking luck is skill. However, some market participants are clear-sighted enough to see those shrouded risks for what they are and make better assumptions about how they should be traded off against expected returns. These more enlightened investors don’t get the print, though, since they’re not the straw men Taleb can knock down.
Don’t get me wrong. We all like debunking stodgy, established wisdom when we see the holes. If you’re like Taleb, though, and see only holes, what you’re left with is nothing. What might there be in its place? Some models, when tweaked, are still useful.
In a brief moment of modesty, Taleb confesses to psychological weaknesses that can lead him to mistake noise for signal. He seems rather smug about it all, though. It’s like he figures his ability to recognize himself as a fool puts him on a higher plane. For the most part, his ego is openly displayed. It’s also coupled with an axe to grind � an aggressive combination. His fund has consistently underperformed (though he would counter that he’s positioned just right for the coming holocaust). His investment strategy boils down to buying lots and lots of insurance contracts against rare occurrences that he thinks will be slightly less rare. (In actuality, he buys stock options, but the insurance metaphor illustrates the point.) The problem is he’s so firm in his belief that the insurance companies have underestimated risks that he thinks all premiums are too low. However, those selling options, armed with models that account for rare events appropriately, will charge more than enough to cover those risks.
Who will be fortune’s fool? Time will tell, but a provocateur like Taleb will in all probability be better known for his quasi-epistemological exposition on unanticipated variability than for any true investment success.
Don’t get me wrong. We all like debunking stodgy, established wisdom when we see the holes. If you’re like Taleb, though, and see only holes, what you’re left with is nothing. What might there be in its place? Some models, when tweaked, are still useful.
In a brief moment of modesty, Taleb confesses to psychological weaknesses that can lead him to mistake noise for signal. He seems rather smug about it all, though. It’s like he figures his ability to recognize himself as a fool puts him on a higher plane. For the most part, his ego is openly displayed. It’s also coupled with an axe to grind � an aggressive combination. His fund has consistently underperformed (though he would counter that he’s positioned just right for the coming holocaust). His investment strategy boils down to buying lots and lots of insurance contracts against rare occurrences that he thinks will be slightly less rare. (In actuality, he buys stock options, but the insurance metaphor illustrates the point.) The problem is he’s so firm in his belief that the insurance companies have underestimated risks that he thinks all premiums are too low. However, those selling options, armed with models that account for rare events appropriately, will charge more than enough to cover those risks.
Who will be fortune’s fool? Time will tell, but a provocateur like Taleb will in all probability be better known for his quasi-epistemological exposition on unanticipated variability than for any true investment success.
January 1, 2009
I love the theses that he has in the book, but jesus christ, this is horribly written.
I think the powerful ideas could have been condensed down to a New Yorker length article:
1. We tend to see the "survivors"; by hiding those who have failed, our understanding of many systems is skewed.
2. Leveraged betting on conventional wisdom provides consistent returns in the short run, but can explode when something weird happens (his "black swan idea").
3. You can reproduce the results of many systems by simulating randomness. These simulations produce clear "winners" - winners that we would have a hard time believing are due to randomness alone.
#3 has a lot of implications for wall street: sets of investment vehicles as a whole underperform the averages after fees (which I was surprised that he didn't bring up...)
Another idea I really liked is how he describes opportunity sets. He talks about how, for instance, in an upscale neighborhood a janitor who won the lottery may live next to a dentist. Many of us take this information and attribute the likelihood for success as a janitor and a dentist to be closer than it actually is. But being a janitor provides an individual with an opportunity set, with, say a 1% chance of having a high standard of living and a 99% chance of having a low standard living. The dentist opportunity set may be 95% for high standard of living and 5% for low standard of living. But if there are many more janitors than dentists and you live in an upscale neighborhood (where you only see the survivors), that relationship becomes muddled.
Anyway, if you believe the preceding ideas, the book doesn't offer much else.
I think the powerful ideas could have been condensed down to a New Yorker length article:
1. We tend to see the "survivors"; by hiding those who have failed, our understanding of many systems is skewed.
2. Leveraged betting on conventional wisdom provides consistent returns in the short run, but can explode when something weird happens (his "black swan idea").
3. You can reproduce the results of many systems by simulating randomness. These simulations produce clear "winners" - winners that we would have a hard time believing are due to randomness alone.
#3 has a lot of implications for wall street: sets of investment vehicles as a whole underperform the averages after fees (which I was surprised that he didn't bring up...)
Another idea I really liked is how he describes opportunity sets. He talks about how, for instance, in an upscale neighborhood a janitor who won the lottery may live next to a dentist. Many of us take this information and attribute the likelihood for success as a janitor and a dentist to be closer than it actually is. But being a janitor provides an individual with an opportunity set, with, say a 1% chance of having a high standard of living and a 99% chance of having a low standard living. The dentist opportunity set may be 95% for high standard of living and 5% for low standard of living. But if there are many more janitors than dentists and you live in an upscale neighborhood (where you only see the survivors), that relationship becomes muddled.
Anyway, if you believe the preceding ideas, the book doesn't offer much else.
May 15, 2014
The modern world regards business cycles much as the ancient Egyptians regarded the overflowing of the Nile. The phenomenon recurs at intervals, it is of great importance to everyone, and natural causes of it are not in sight.
~ John Bates Clark, 1898
Yeah, right!
~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, 2001
August 8, 2013
Using his trademark aphoristic bent, Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “Arrogance in persons of merit affronts us more than arrogance in those without merit: merit itself is an affront�. I’ve come to realize that some people find Nassim Taleb’s arrogance quite repugnant, but, personally, I find it rather charming. I suspect that the same people who find Taleb’s arrogance off-putting are the people who wish they possessed a shred of his erudition. Nietzsche was certainly on to something; it’s hard to avoid being offended by your betters.
I think I first read Fooled By Randomness circa 2006. Recently, I felt a longing to reread Taleb’s first non-technical book again. Wow, what a wise decision that was! I actually digested more from the rereading than I did from the initial reading (and I digested quite a bit from the first reading). Both times, I focused on reading the book very, very slowly. Obviously, the fact that I spent the time to reread this book is indicative of how valuable I think it is.
Known for his great wit, the baseball pitcher Vernon Louis “Lefty� Gomez was fond of saying that, “I’d rather be lucky than good.� This phrase, in essence, is one of the central themes of the book. Although it sounds like a hackneyed platitude, Gomez, understood the role of randomness in our lives. However, due to myriad biases, we humans often tend to attribute our successes to our skill and blame bad luck for our failures. Is your rich neighbor or your boss really as skilled as she thinks she is?
Parts of the book are also about the hindsight bias and the narrative fallacy. We humans are great at fabricating post hoc narratives about our world. It’s how we understand (and misunderstand) the world, but we must remember not to take our stories too seriously. “A mistake is not something to be determined after the fact,� writes Taleb, “but in the light of the information until that point.�
One of Taleb’s favorite philosophers is Karl Popper. However, Taleb wasn’t always enthralled with the man who espoused the beauty of empirical falsification. Prior to rediscovering the great philosopher, Taleb went through a self identified anti-intellectual phase early in his career as a trader. He feared becoming a corporate slave with “work ethics� (a term which he interprets to mean inefficient mediocrity). “Philosophy, to me,� Taleb writes, “became something rhetorical people did when they had plenty of time on their hands; it was an activity reserved for those who were not well versed in quantitative methods and other productive things. It was a pastime that should be limited to late hours, in bars around the campuses, when one had a few drinks and a light schedule � provided one forgot the garrulous episode as early as the next day. Too much of it can get a man in trouble, perhaps turn one into a Marxist ideologue.� As they say, the dose determines the poison.
Speaking of poison, another interesting idea that Taleb espouses is that being too attached your beliefs is poisonous. As he puts it: “Loyality to ideas is not a good thing for traders, scientists, � or anyone�. I like to think about it this way, there are times we shouldn’t trust experts precisely because they are experts. This is because they are no incentives to be brutally critical of your own ideas. A scientist or a preacher who has built their career on a certain idea obviously has a lot invested in that idea. How likely are they to be critical of their own position when their livelihood depends on it being accepted? What if they are putting out pseudo-scientific nutritional guidelines that cause harm, but help them keep their job?
According to Popper there are only two types of theories:
1) Theories that are known to be wrong, as they were tested and adequately rejected (he calls them falsified).
2) Theories that have not yet been known to be wrong, not falsified yet, but are exposed to be proved wrong.
If you accept Popper’s epistemology, like I also do, you can never claim that you know a theory to be true. In other words, we can only gain knowledge through proving that things are false. For instance, when I accidentally find myself in a theistic debate, people often challenge me to tell them how the universe came into existence. When I say ‘I don’t know�, they become infuriated. How dare I have the gall to dismiss some of their religion’s claims as not true without projecting my own claim to reality? Yet, that’s exactly the point. I gain knowledge through knowing what’s wrong, not through making claims about what I think is right.
So what should we make of Taleb’s extreme and obsessive Popperism in a more practical sense? How does he recommend we apply to it our lives? I think it can be summarized in the following passage:
The following thought experiment really helped me internalize this message. Assume you participate in a gambling game that has 999/1000 chance of winning $1 [Event A] and a 1/1000 chance of winning $10,000 [Event B]. Using some straightforward calculations the expectation of a loss is roughly $9 (multiply the probabilities by the outcome for each event and then sum them) Which event would you bet on? I suspect that most people consider the frequency or probability in their decision, but this is totally irrelevant. According to Taleb, even people like MBAs and economists with some statistical training fail to understand this point. The magnitude of the outcome should be the only relevant factor in the decision. Think of a trader who focuses on event B, sure, he is likely to bleed slowly for long periods of time, but when the rare event happens the payoff is astronomical compared to the losses. Most of us, however, are schooled in environments that focus on games with symmetrical outcomes (e.g., a coin toss). The great psychologist and father of behavioral economics, Daniel Kahneman, also reminds us that we are loss averse and psychologically struggle with idea of bleeding out small losses for extended periods of time, even if there is eventually the opportunity for a huge payday.
Once you realize that life is full of scenarios with asymmetrical payoffs, you’re thinking (if you’re anything like me anyway) will be permanently altered. In fields like, say, writing, the outcomes are asymmetrical. In other words, there is not a linear relationship with the number of hours spent writing and the amount of income one makes. One may spend a long time writing for free and then finally catch a huge book deal. For me, this is somewhat of a moot point because I’d write for free without any other justification other than the fact that it’s fun and makes me happy. However, if all other things were equal, and I could also make money doing something I love, I would be very happy.
Here’s another piece of practical wisdom that I really enjoyed: “stay away from people of a competitive nature, as they have a tendency to commoditize and reduce the world to categories, like how many papers they publish in a given year, or how they rank in the league tables.� These are the same kinds of people who think that their GPA reflects their intelligence. Or that the number of hours they spend running on a treadmill reflects their fitness. Or that their inherited wealth says something about their genetic fitness. Or that their expensive clothes make them beautiful. I could continue on and on, but I think you get the point.
I often hear those around me complaining about how life will be better when they achieve “X�. Alas, I’m human and guilty of making claims like this on occasion too. The trouble is that, for most of us anyway, we won’t really experience long-term improvements in our happiness when we achieve “X�. Throughout the book, Taleb devotes a fair amount of time alerting readers of what the literature in behavioral economics tells us about our irrational tendencies and biases.
For example, there’s the social treadmill effect: you get rich, move to rich neighborhoods, then become poor again once you compare yourself to your new peers. Then, you may work your ass off and get rich again, only to repeat the cycle. If you want to feel worse about yourself, then the best piece of positive advice I know of is to hang around people who are wealthier than you. I often try to remind myself that I’m living a life that is materially better than 99.9% of all humans that have ever existed and yet I still have the audacity to claim that I don’t have enough sometimes. Pathetic.
At one point in the book, Taleb writes: “I see no special heroism in accumulating money, particularly if, in addition, the person is foolish enough to not even try to derive any tangible benefit from wealth (aside from the pleasure of regularly counting the beans)�. In other words, money is only valuable if you use it as a tool to extract enjoyment from life.
If it isn’t clear, I think he is making reference to the likes of Warren Buffett, whom people tend to see as being virtuous simply for the fact that he has been able to accumulate hordes of money. What I think many people fail to understand is that there is nothing virtuous about having money just for the sake of having it. How someone earned what they have tells you a lot more about them than how much they have. We generally tend to think that having money signals other traits about a person, but I’ll remind you that there is a lot of noise in those signals (think inheritance). Having money doesn’t necessarily signal any superior traits.
Those who want to make a lot of money are greedy and shouldn’t try to deny that motivation. Greed, however, is not necessarily a bad thing. As Adam Smith taught us, another mans� greed can create more wealth for society as a whole (provided the individual’s wealth is ethically obtained).
Do cigarette smokers understand probabilities? If so, how can they rationally understand the ills of cigarettes and yet be foolish enough to smoke them anyway? When I go for walks near hospitals I’m always surprised by the number of people in scrubs (perhaps some of whom are doctors and nurses) who I assume are well aware of how harmful cigarettes are, but smoke them anyway. Apparently, intellectually understanding something and being able to put it into practice are two different things.
One thing Taleb also writes about is the selection bias in blogging and book reviewing. The cover of my edition of Fooled By Randomness has an excerpt praising Taleb as one of the “hottest thinkers� in the world. While I certainly agree, I couldn’t help but smirk after reading that line � can you say selection bias?
Any book that is worth reading twice is worth reading more than twice. When you love a writer, you want to hear his opinion on just about everything.
- See more at:
I think I first read Fooled By Randomness circa 2006. Recently, I felt a longing to reread Taleb’s first non-technical book again. Wow, what a wise decision that was! I actually digested more from the rereading than I did from the initial reading (and I digested quite a bit from the first reading). Both times, I focused on reading the book very, very slowly. Obviously, the fact that I spent the time to reread this book is indicative of how valuable I think it is.
Known for his great wit, the baseball pitcher Vernon Louis “Lefty� Gomez was fond of saying that, “I’d rather be lucky than good.� This phrase, in essence, is one of the central themes of the book. Although it sounds like a hackneyed platitude, Gomez, understood the role of randomness in our lives. However, due to myriad biases, we humans often tend to attribute our successes to our skill and blame bad luck for our failures. Is your rich neighbor or your boss really as skilled as she thinks she is?
Parts of the book are also about the hindsight bias and the narrative fallacy. We humans are great at fabricating post hoc narratives about our world. It’s how we understand (and misunderstand) the world, but we must remember not to take our stories too seriously. “A mistake is not something to be determined after the fact,� writes Taleb, “but in the light of the information until that point.�
One of Taleb’s favorite philosophers is Karl Popper. However, Taleb wasn’t always enthralled with the man who espoused the beauty of empirical falsification. Prior to rediscovering the great philosopher, Taleb went through a self identified anti-intellectual phase early in his career as a trader. He feared becoming a corporate slave with “work ethics� (a term which he interprets to mean inefficient mediocrity). “Philosophy, to me,� Taleb writes, “became something rhetorical people did when they had plenty of time on their hands; it was an activity reserved for those who were not well versed in quantitative methods and other productive things. It was a pastime that should be limited to late hours, in bars around the campuses, when one had a few drinks and a light schedule � provided one forgot the garrulous episode as early as the next day. Too much of it can get a man in trouble, perhaps turn one into a Marxist ideologue.� As they say, the dose determines the poison.
Speaking of poison, another interesting idea that Taleb espouses is that being too attached your beliefs is poisonous. As he puts it: “Loyality to ideas is not a good thing for traders, scientists, � or anyone�. I like to think about it this way, there are times we shouldn’t trust experts precisely because they are experts. This is because they are no incentives to be brutally critical of your own ideas. A scientist or a preacher who has built their career on a certain idea obviously has a lot invested in that idea. How likely are they to be critical of their own position when their livelihood depends on it being accepted? What if they are putting out pseudo-scientific nutritional guidelines that cause harm, but help them keep their job?
According to Popper there are only two types of theories:
1) Theories that are known to be wrong, as they were tested and adequately rejected (he calls them falsified).
2) Theories that have not yet been known to be wrong, not falsified yet, but are exposed to be proved wrong.
If you accept Popper’s epistemology, like I also do, you can never claim that you know a theory to be true. In other words, we can only gain knowledge through proving that things are false. For instance, when I accidentally find myself in a theistic debate, people often challenge me to tell them how the universe came into existence. When I say ‘I don’t know�, they become infuriated. How dare I have the gall to dismiss some of their religion’s claims as not true without projecting my own claim to reality? Yet, that’s exactly the point. I gain knowledge through knowing what’s wrong, not through making claims about what I think is right.
So what should we make of Taleb’s extreme and obsessive Popperism in a more practical sense? How does he recommend we apply to it our lives? I think it can be summarized in the following passage:
I speculate in all of my activities on theories that represent some vision of the world, but with the following stipulation: No rare event should harm me. In fact, I would like all conceivable rare events to help me. My idea of science diverges with that of the people around me walking around calling themselves scientists. Science is mere speculation, mere formulation of conjecture.
The following thought experiment really helped me internalize this message. Assume you participate in a gambling game that has 999/1000 chance of winning $1 [Event A] and a 1/1000 chance of winning $10,000 [Event B]. Using some straightforward calculations the expectation of a loss is roughly $9 (multiply the probabilities by the outcome for each event and then sum them) Which event would you bet on? I suspect that most people consider the frequency or probability in their decision, but this is totally irrelevant. According to Taleb, even people like MBAs and economists with some statistical training fail to understand this point. The magnitude of the outcome should be the only relevant factor in the decision. Think of a trader who focuses on event B, sure, he is likely to bleed slowly for long periods of time, but when the rare event happens the payoff is astronomical compared to the losses. Most of us, however, are schooled in environments that focus on games with symmetrical outcomes (e.g., a coin toss). The great psychologist and father of behavioral economics, Daniel Kahneman, also reminds us that we are loss averse and psychologically struggle with idea of bleeding out small losses for extended periods of time, even if there is eventually the opportunity for a huge payday.
Once you realize that life is full of scenarios with asymmetrical payoffs, you’re thinking (if you’re anything like me anyway) will be permanently altered. In fields like, say, writing, the outcomes are asymmetrical. In other words, there is not a linear relationship with the number of hours spent writing and the amount of income one makes. One may spend a long time writing for free and then finally catch a huge book deal. For me, this is somewhat of a moot point because I’d write for free without any other justification other than the fact that it’s fun and makes me happy. However, if all other things were equal, and I could also make money doing something I love, I would be very happy.
Here’s another piece of practical wisdom that I really enjoyed: “stay away from people of a competitive nature, as they have a tendency to commoditize and reduce the world to categories, like how many papers they publish in a given year, or how they rank in the league tables.� These are the same kinds of people who think that their GPA reflects their intelligence. Or that the number of hours they spend running on a treadmill reflects their fitness. Or that their inherited wealth says something about their genetic fitness. Or that their expensive clothes make them beautiful. I could continue on and on, but I think you get the point.
I often hear those around me complaining about how life will be better when they achieve “X�. Alas, I’m human and guilty of making claims like this on occasion too. The trouble is that, for most of us anyway, we won’t really experience long-term improvements in our happiness when we achieve “X�. Throughout the book, Taleb devotes a fair amount of time alerting readers of what the literature in behavioral economics tells us about our irrational tendencies and biases.
For example, there’s the social treadmill effect: you get rich, move to rich neighborhoods, then become poor again once you compare yourself to your new peers. Then, you may work your ass off and get rich again, only to repeat the cycle. If you want to feel worse about yourself, then the best piece of positive advice I know of is to hang around people who are wealthier than you. I often try to remind myself that I’m living a life that is materially better than 99.9% of all humans that have ever existed and yet I still have the audacity to claim that I don’t have enough sometimes. Pathetic.
At one point in the book, Taleb writes: “I see no special heroism in accumulating money, particularly if, in addition, the person is foolish enough to not even try to derive any tangible benefit from wealth (aside from the pleasure of regularly counting the beans)�. In other words, money is only valuable if you use it as a tool to extract enjoyment from life.
If it isn’t clear, I think he is making reference to the likes of Warren Buffett, whom people tend to see as being virtuous simply for the fact that he has been able to accumulate hordes of money. What I think many people fail to understand is that there is nothing virtuous about having money just for the sake of having it. How someone earned what they have tells you a lot more about them than how much they have. We generally tend to think that having money signals other traits about a person, but I’ll remind you that there is a lot of noise in those signals (think inheritance). Having money doesn’t necessarily signal any superior traits.
Those who want to make a lot of money are greedy and shouldn’t try to deny that motivation. Greed, however, is not necessarily a bad thing. As Adam Smith taught us, another mans� greed can create more wealth for society as a whole (provided the individual’s wealth is ethically obtained).
Do cigarette smokers understand probabilities? If so, how can they rationally understand the ills of cigarettes and yet be foolish enough to smoke them anyway? When I go for walks near hospitals I’m always surprised by the number of people in scrubs (perhaps some of whom are doctors and nurses) who I assume are well aware of how harmful cigarettes are, but smoke them anyway. Apparently, intellectually understanding something and being able to put it into practice are two different things.
One thing Taleb also writes about is the selection bias in blogging and book reviewing. The cover of my edition of Fooled By Randomness has an excerpt praising Taleb as one of the “hottest thinkers� in the world. While I certainly agree, I couldn’t help but smirk after reading that line � can you say selection bias?
Any book that is worth reading twice is worth reading more than twice. When you love a writer, you want to hear his opinion on just about everything.
- See more at:
June 14, 2024
درباره� نویسنده
آقای نسیم نیکلاس طالب را میتوان آماردان، معاملهگ� بازارهای مالی، و کمی اقتصاددان دانست، اما شهرت این نویسنده� لبنانی/آمریکایی به خاطر معاملهها� مالی یا دانش اقتصادیا� نیست. او نظریهپرداز� است که اگرچه ایدههای� قبلا هم توسط دیگران به صورت پراکنده مطرح شدهاند� ولی او در کتابهای� این ایدهه� را به صورت منسجم و یکپارچه ارائه میکن�.
طالب را بیشتر با مجموعه کتابها� Incerto (=uncertain-غیر قطعی) میشناسن�. در این مجموعه که تاکنون ۵ جلد از آن منتشر شده، طالب درباره� احتمالات و عدم قطعیت مینویس�.
بخشی از شهرت طالب نیز به خاطر این است که او نویسندها� نسبتاً جنجالی است، معمولا بعد از چاپ هر کتاب او بحث و مجادلهها� زیادی درمیگیر�. به علاوه او عادت دارد به بسیاری از مشاغل، حرفهه� و اشخاص حمله کند یا اعتبارشان را زیر سؤال ببرد. حمله به دولتها� رسانهها� ریاضیدانها� آماردانها� معاملهگرها� بازار بورس، مدیر عاملها� سیگنال فروشها� مربیه� و نویسندهها� ژانر موفقیت و خودیاری و ... کاریست که او بارها انجام داده است.
او حتی سابقه� حمله� لفظی به شخصیتها� حقیقی را هم دارد، تصور کنید او از «بیل گیتس» شخصیتی بسازد که موفقیت و ثروتش تا حد زیادی نتیجه� احتمالات و تصادف باشد، نه هوش یا پشتکار خارقالعاد�. (چیزی شبیه به یک میمون خوششان�!)
با همه� این اوصاف، به نظرم خواندن آثار نسیم طالب برای بیشتر افراد مفید و جالب باشد. او در بیشتر آثارش میکوش� به نقش تصادف و عدم قطعیت در جهان بپردازد و به درک بهتر خواننده از پدیده� احتمالات در زندگی، کمک کند.
اگرچه هر کتابِ طالب معمولا حاوی یک نظریه� کلی بیشتر نیست، اما نظریهها� او را میشو� در ابعاد و پدیدهها� مختلف بررسی کرد، از نگاه به جهان و فلسفه� زندگی گرفته تا معاملهها� مالی، زیستشناسی� موفقیت، ارتباطات، نظریهها� سیاسی، جامعهشناس� و ...
موضوعاتی که طالب به آنه� میپرداز� احتمالاً در نگاه اول چندان برای خواننده جالب به نظر نرسد، اما کتابها� او همیشه پرفروش بودهاند� چون او توانسته این موضوعات خشک را به شیوها� جذاب تعریف کند. خبری از نظریهها� ریاضی یا مطالب حوصلهسرب� نیست. طالب روایتگری ماهر است که حرفهای� را با مثاله� و داستانها� مختلف بیان میکن�. طنز او در نوشتن نیز کمک کرده که خواننده از خواندن کتابه� خسته نشود.
در عین حال کتابها� او را باید با تفکر نقادانه و هوش و حواس جمع خواند. بسیاری از مطالب گفته شده توسط طالب، راستیآزمای� نشدهان� یا اصلا قابل راستیآزمای� نیستند. (گرچه خود طالب میگوی� حرفهای� تئوریهاییان� که باید از نظر تئوری نقدشان کرد و نیازی به راستی آزمایی ندارند!)
فایده� خواندنِ کتابها� نسیم طالب، گستردش دیدِ خواننده به مسائل مختلف، از نگاهی نو است.
طالب در رشتههای� که در آن تحصیل یا کار کرده، از جمله آمار و احتمال، و اقتصاد، حرفها� جالبی دارد، اما وقتی به رشتههای� میرس� که تخصصی در آنه� ندارد (مثل زیستشناس� یا پزشکی) احتمالش هست که کمی پرت و پلا بگوید یا به قول معروف، به جادهخاک� بزند!
درباره� کتاب
«فریبخورده� تصادف» اولین کتابِ مجموعه� incerto است.
ذهن ما انسانه� به دلایل تکاملی و زیستشناخت� برای بررسی احتمالات و در نظر گرفتن تصادفها� روزمره ساخته نشده است. ذهن انسان به در نظر گرفتن طیف احتمالات عادت ندارد. ما عادت به سادهساز� پد��دهه� در حد «همه یا هیچ» و «سفید و سیاه» داریم. ما عادت کردهای� که برای پدیدهها� همزمان، روابط علت و معلولی در نظر بگیریم:
ایده� اصلی این کتاب این است که «پیشامدها از آنچه خیال میکنی� تصادفی ترند»
نسیم طالب انسانی شکاک به پدیدهه� و نظریههاست� و شکاک بودن را نوعی شجاعت میدان�..
نقد علوم تجربی
بخش بزرگی از دانش امروزی، حاصل روشی است که در فلسفه� علم آن را «استقرا» (induction)مینامن�. فرض کنید که شما به عنوان دانشمند ادعا میکنی� که اگر لیوانی شیشها� را به زمین بکوبید، خواهد شکست. برای اثبات این قضیه، شما روش اثبات علمی ندارید و باید دست به تجربه بزنید. ممکن است ده لیوان شیشها� را به زمین بکوبید و همگی بشکند. آیا میتوا� به این روش «اثبات کرد» که هر لیوان شیشها� بر اثر برخورد به زمین خواهد شکست؟ اگر هزار لیوان شیشها� را آزمایش کنید چطور؟ از کجا معلوم که لیوان هزار و یکم سالم نماند؟ از کجا معلوم که هزار لیوان قبلی به طور تصادفی نشکسته باشد؟ چند لیوان برای شکستنن کافی است تا بتوانیم درباره� شکستن لیوانه� نتیجهگیر� کنیم؟ آیا هرگز راهی برای نتیجهگیری� قطعی وجود دارد؟
ما در استقرا برای اثبات فرضیه� خود دست به آزمایش و تجربه میزنیم� اما در این روش چیزی جز احتمال و آمار در دست نداریم. ما نمیتوانی� بدون آزمایش اثبات کنیم که لیوانها� بعد از هزارمین لیوان نخواهند شکست. فقط میتوانی� بگوییم بعد از شکستن هزار لیوان احتمال کمی دارد بقیه نشکند.
ما در بسیاری از موارد، «قابلیت ابطالپذیری� را طبق گفتهها� پوپر را در فرضیهها� خود نداریم.
بنابراین در اثباتها� استقراییِ علوم تجربی، باید حواسمان باشد که از احتمال حرف میزنیم� و این احتمال چقدر است و چقدر میتوا� به نتایج تکیه کرد و چقدر ممکن است نتایجِ به دست آمده تصادفی باشد.
موفقها� تصادفی
فرض کنید در یک جمعیت ۱۰۰۰ نفری ادعا میکنی� کسی که ۱۰ بار پشت سر هم با سکه شیر بیاورد، برنده� جایزه خواهد شد. طبق قوانین احتمالات، احتمال قابل قبولی وجود دارد که در این جمعیتِ ۱۰۰۰ نفری حداقل یک نفر برنده شود. توجه کنید که این یک نفر توانایی یا هوش خاصی ندارد و اگر آزمایش را تکرار کنیم احتمالاً شخص دیگری برنده خواهد شد.
در مورد افراد موفق و تاثیرگذار هم معمولا اثر تصادف را نادیده میگیریم� در جمعیت چند میلیارد نفری انسان طبق قوانین احتمالات، تعدادی میتوانن� تصادفی موفق شوند، اما ما معمولاً فقط بر جنبهها� غیرتصادفی تأکید میکنی� و وقتی زندگی نامه� این افراد نوشته میشود� فقط بر هوش یا پشتکار آنه� تاکید میشو�.
البته نباید از حرف طالب این برداشت را کرد که همه� موفقها� احمقها� خوششانساند� یا هوش و پشتکار و انضباط هیچ تاثیری در موفقیت ندارد:
پس نباید از تأثیر احتمالات و تصادف غافل شد.
همینطور درمورد معاملهگرها� اقتصادی بازارهایی مثل بازار سهام، بسیاری از تحلیله� و پیشبینیها� اقتصادی صرفاً توجیههای� ریاضی هستند که از نظر نسیم طالب بیش از توهم نیستند.
نسیم طالب در این کتاب، حرفه� و مثالها� جالب بسیاری درباره� تصادف و احتمالات میآور� که من بسیاری را اینجا ذکر نکردم. اگر موضوع برایتان جالب است خواندن کتاب خالی از لطف نیست.
آقای نسیم نیکلاس طالب را میتوان آماردان، معاملهگ� بازارهای مالی، و کمی اقتصاددان دانست، اما شهرت این نویسنده� لبنانی/آمریکایی به خاطر معاملهها� مالی یا دانش اقتصادیا� نیست. او نظریهپرداز� است که اگرچه ایدههای� قبلا هم توسط دیگران به صورت پراکنده مطرح شدهاند� ولی او در کتابهای� این ایدهه� را به صورت منسجم و یکپارچه ارائه میکن�.
طالب را بیشتر با مجموعه کتابها� Incerto (=uncertain-غیر قطعی) میشناسن�. در این مجموعه که تاکنون ۵ جلد از آن منتشر شده، طالب درباره� احتمالات و عدم قطعیت مینویس�.
بخشی از شهرت طالب نیز به خاطر این است که او نویسندها� نسبتاً جنجالی است، معمولا بعد از چاپ هر کتاب او بحث و مجادلهها� زیادی درمیگیر�. به علاوه او عادت دارد به بسیاری از مشاغل، حرفهه� و اشخاص حمله کند یا اعتبارشان را زیر سؤال ببرد. حمله به دولتها� رسانهها� ریاضیدانها� آماردانها� معاملهگرها� بازار بورس، مدیر عاملها� سیگنال فروشها� مربیه� و نویسندهها� ژانر موفقیت و خودیاری و ... کاریست که او بارها انجام داده است.
او حتی سابقه� حمله� لفظی به شخصیتها� حقیقی را هم دارد، تصور کنید او از «بیل گیتس» شخصیتی بسازد که موفقیت و ثروتش تا حد زیادی نتیجه� احتمالات و تصادف باشد، نه هوش یا پشتکار خارقالعاد�. (چیزی شبیه به یک میمون خوششان�!)
با همه� این اوصاف، به نظرم خواندن آثار نسیم طالب برای بیشتر افراد مفید و جالب باشد. او در بیشتر آثارش میکوش� به نقش تصادف و عدم قطعیت در جهان بپردازد و به درک بهتر خواننده از پدیده� احتمالات در زندگی، کمک کند.
اگرچه هر کتابِ طالب معمولا حاوی یک نظریه� کلی بیشتر نیست، اما نظریهها� او را میشو� در ابعاد و پدیدهها� مختلف بررسی کرد، از نگاه به جهان و فلسفه� زندگی گرفته تا معاملهها� مالی، زیستشناسی� موفقیت، ارتباطات، نظریهها� سیاسی، جامعهشناس� و ...
موضوعاتی که طالب به آنه� میپرداز� احتمالاً در نگاه اول چندان برای خواننده جالب به نظر نرسد، اما کتابها� او همیشه پرفروش بودهاند� چون او توانسته این موضوعات خشک را به شیوها� جذاب تعریف کند. خبری از نظریهها� ریاضی یا مطالب حوصلهسرب� نیست. طالب روایتگری ماهر است که حرفهای� را با مثاله� و داستانها� مختلف بیان میکن�. طنز او در نوشتن نیز کمک کرده که خواننده از خواندن کتابه� خسته نشود.
در عین حال کتابها� او را باید با تفکر نقادانه و هوش و حواس جمع خواند. بسیاری از مطالب گفته شده توسط طالب، راستیآزمای� نشدهان� یا اصلا قابل راستیآزمای� نیستند. (گرچه خود طالب میگوی� حرفهای� تئوریهاییان� که باید از نظر تئوری نقدشان کرد و نیازی به راستی آزمایی ندارند!)
فایده� خواندنِ کتابها� نسیم طالب، گستردش دیدِ خواننده به مسائل مختلف، از نگاهی نو است.
طالب در رشتههای� که در آن تحصیل یا کار کرده، از جمله آمار و احتمال، و اقتصاد، حرفها� جالبی دارد، اما وقتی به رشتههای� میرس� که تخصصی در آنه� ندارد (مثل زیستشناس� یا پزشکی) احتمالش هست که کمی پرت و پلا بگوید یا به قول معروف، به جادهخاک� بزند!
درباره� کتاب
«فریبخورده� تصادف» اولین کتابِ مجموعه� incerto است.
ذهن ما انسانه� به دلایل تکاملی و زیستشناخت� برای بررسی احتمالات و در نظر گرفتن تصادفها� روزمره ساخته نشده است. ذهن انسان به در نظر گرفتن طیف احتمالات عادت ندارد. ما عادت به سادهساز� پد��دهه� در حد «همه یا هیچ» و «سفید و سیاه» داریم. ما عادت کردهای� که برای پدیدهها� همزمان، روابط علت و معلولی در نظر بگیریم:
انسان از فریب تصادف در امان نیست، تنها چاره� ما این است که این فریب را به لذتها� هنری محدود کنیم!
ذهن انسان نه برای پی بردن به ساز و کار جهان، که برای گریز سریع از خطرات و فرزندآوری ساخته شده است!
ایده� اصلی این کتاب این است که «پیشامدها از آنچه خیال میکنی� تصادفی ترند»
نسیم طالب انسانی شکاک به پدیدهه� و نظریههاست� و شکاک بودن را نوعی شجاعت میدان�..
به باور من مهمتری� سرمایها� که باید در خودم حفظ و تقویت کنم حس عمیق تزلزل فکری است. شعار من این است: اصلیتری� فعالیتم دستانداخت� کسانی است که خودشان و کیفیت دانششان را بیش از حد جدی میگیرن�.
من به این موضوع آگاهم که فریب خوردن از تصادف بخشی از وجود انسانی من است. چیزی که شاید مرا از دیگران متمایز کند آگاهی من از این آسیبپذیر� است.
نقد علوم تجربی
بخش بزرگی از دانش امروزی، حاصل روشی است که در فلسفه� علم آن را «استقرا» (induction)مینامن�. فرض کنید که شما به عنوان دانشمند ادعا میکنی� که اگر لیوانی شیشها� را به زمین بکوبید، خواهد شکست. برای اثبات این قضیه، شما روش اثبات علمی ندارید و باید دست به تجربه بزنید. ممکن است ده لیوان شیشها� را به زمین بکوبید و همگی بشکند. آیا میتوا� به این روش «اثبات کرد» که هر لیوان شیشها� بر اثر برخورد به زمین خواهد شکست؟ اگر هزار لیوان شیشها� را آزمایش کنید چطور؟ از کجا معلوم که لیوان هزار و یکم سالم نماند؟ از کجا معلوم که هزار لیوان قبلی به طور تصادفی نشکسته باشد؟ چند لیوان برای شکستنن کافی است تا بتوانیم درباره� شکستن لیوانه� نتیجهگیر� کنیم؟ آیا هرگز راهی برای نتیجهگیری� قطعی وجود دارد؟
ما در استقرا برای اثبات فرضیه� خود دست به آزمایش و تجربه میزنیم� اما در این روش چیزی جز احتمال و آمار در دست نداریم. ما نمیتوانی� بدون آزمایش اثبات کنیم که لیوانها� بعد از هزارمین لیوان نخواهند شکست. فقط میتوانی� بگوییم بعد از شکستن هزار لیوان احتمال کمی دارد بقیه نشکند.
ما در بسیاری از موارد، «قابلیت ابطالپذیری� را طبق گفتهها� پوپر را در فرضیهها� خود نداریم.
بنابراین در اثباتها� استقراییِ علوم تجربی، باید حواسمان باشد که از احتمال حرف میزنیم� و این احتمال چقدر است و چقدر میتوا� به نتایج تکیه کرد و چقدر ممکن است نتایجِ به دست آمده تصادفی باشد.
موفقها� تصادفی
فرض کنید در یک جمعیت ۱۰۰۰ نفری ادعا میکنی� کسی که ۱۰ بار پشت سر هم با سکه شیر بیاورد، برنده� جایزه خواهد شد. طبق قوانین احتمالات، احتمال قابل قبولی وجود دارد که در این جمعیتِ ۱۰۰۰ نفری حداقل یک نفر برنده شود. توجه کنید که این یک نفر توانایی یا هوش خاصی ندارد و اگر آزمایش را تکرار کنیم احتمالاً شخص دیگری برنده خواهد شد.
در مورد افراد موفق و تاثیرگذار هم معمولا اثر تصادف را نادیده میگیریم� در جمعیت چند میلیارد نفری انسان طبق قوانین احتمالات، تعدادی میتوانن� تصادفی موفق شوند، اما ما معمولاً فقط بر جنبهها� غیرتصادفی تأکید میکنی� و وقتی زندگی نامه� این افراد نوشته میشود� فقط بر هوش یا پشتکار آنه� تاکید میشو�.
البته نباید از حرف طالب این برداشت را کرد که همه� موفقها� احمقها� خوششانساند� یا هوش و پشتکار و انضباط هیچ تاثیری در موفقیت ندارد:
صدالبته که شانس در خدمت کسانی است که آمادهان�! سختکوشی� سروقت بودن و ... روی موفقیت تاثیر دارد. این کارها قطعا لازمان� اما ممکن است کافی نباشند، چرا که علت موفقیت نیستند.
پس نباید از تأثیر احتمالات و تصادف غافل شد.
همینطور درمورد معاملهگرها� اقتصادی بازارهایی مثل بازار سهام، بسیاری از تحلیله� و پیشبینیها� اقتصادی صرفاً توجیههای� ریاضی هستند که از نظر نسیم طالب بیش از توهم نیستند.
سودمند بودن متغیرهای دانش اقتصاد در معاملهگر� ممکن است صرفاً تصادفی باشد. یا حتی بدتر، یعنی تحلیلها� اقتصادی از اساس برای پنهان کردن عامل تصادف شکل گرفته باشند.
نسیم طالب در این کتاب، حرفه� و مثالها� جالب بسیاری درباره� تصادف و احتمالات میآور� که من بسیاری را اینجا ذکر نکردم. اگر موضوع برایتان جالب است خواندن کتاب خالی از لطف نیست.
July 24, 2011
One of my business school professors raved about this book. I expected to get an entertaining and informative investment professional's take on how our irrational tendencies keep us from applying basic probabilities that would help us make better decisions.
Instead, this book read like a pretentious, ranting diary. In the introduction, the author brags that he ignored nearly all of the suggested changes his book editors made (he labels book editors along with journalists, MBAs, and most social scientists as dimwits). I think with significant editing, this book could have been quality. There are several good anecdotes that illustrate how we ignore rational information and simple probabilities in daily life. This would have been fun to read about without the author's smug self-absorption and his personal attacks (the author takes at least four pages to rant about the "incompetence" of journalist George Will and even takes a few punches at Warren Buffett... I mean Warren Buffett?).
I was barely able to bring myself to finish this book but did because I wanted to be able to give it a fair review. My advice - skip it!
Instead, this book read like a pretentious, ranting diary. In the introduction, the author brags that he ignored nearly all of the suggested changes his book editors made (he labels book editors along with journalists, MBAs, and most social scientists as dimwits). I think with significant editing, this book could have been quality. There are several good anecdotes that illustrate how we ignore rational information and simple probabilities in daily life. This would have been fun to read about without the author's smug self-absorption and his personal attacks (the author takes at least four pages to rant about the "incompetence" of journalist George Will and even takes a few punches at Warren Buffett... I mean Warren Buffett?).
I was barely able to bring myself to finish this book but did because I wanted to be able to give it a fair review. My advice - skip it!
July 19, 2022
1)
فرض کنید که یک روز تلفن ناشناسی دریافت میکنی� که به شما میگ� "فردا فلان سهم، مثبته و به نفعته خریداری کنی!". مسلما شما این تماس رو خیلی جدی نمیگیر�. هر چند فردای اون روز حتما بازار رو رصد میکن� و احتمالا کمی متعجب میش� از اینکه سهم مذبور، مثبت بود. دوباره روز بعد این قضیه تکرار میش�. "فردا فلان سهم مثبته" و باز هم درسته. مجددا، "فردا فلان سهم منفیه". و باز هم درست! قاعدتا بعد از چهار، پنج روز، شما مجاب میش� که مقداری پول به این بابا بدی تا همونطور که گفته، 50-50 با هم توی سود شریک بشین.
2)
میمونی رو فرض کنید که با پرتاب دارت به سمت یک صفحه که اسم 30 شرکت برتر بازار روی اون نوشته شده، 3 شرکت رو جهت خریداری سهام اونها انتخاب میکن�. سه سهم انتخاب شده در مجموع %12+ سود مید� در حالی که شاخص کل اون 30 سهم بزرگ بازار، در اون روز %10- بوده.
3)
بابایی رو فرض کنید که 29 سالشه و تونسته نه با رانت و انحصار واردات خودرو و این حرفا، که واقعا با تکیه بر زور بازوی خودش، 3 میلیون دلار پول در بیاره. رمز موفقیت؟ 3 بار شرط بندی توی "رولت روسی". هر بار یک میلیون دلار!
اصولا گونه انسان تمایل زیادی داره که الگوهای موفقیت اطرافش رو شناسایی کن و از اونها جهت بقا و حفظ مزیت رقابتی خودش الگو برداری کن. در خصوص سه مورد بالا، چیزی که موجب میش� توجه ما انسانها� به عنوان یک گونه جانوری، بسیار جلب بشه، چیزی هست که اصطلاحا بهش میگ�:
Survivorship Bias
اینو فعلا داشته باشین. از طرف دیگه، یک تمایل دیگه هم در انسان هست که میل داره محیط پیرامونش رو بشناسه، و اگرچه قادر نباشه کاملا روابط علت و معلولی رخدادهایی که مشاهده میکن� رو درک کن، اما شدیدا نیاز داره روابطی برای اونها بسازه و اصطلاحا اونه� رو "رَشنالایز" کن
طی این سناریوهایی که گفتیم، ما فقط داریم فردی رو که موفق شده نگاه میکنی� و کسانی که همین رویکرد رو به کار گرفتند ولی موفق نشدند رو نمیبینی�. در حالی که در مورد بهترین عملکردها، اغلب مقدار قابل توجهی شانس دخیل بوده.
تا مادامی که فرد موفق صرفا در پی "رشنالایز" کردن رخداد و نسبت دادن نتیجه به عوامل احتمالا مربوط به خودش هست، میشه از گناهش صرف نظر کرد. اما مشکل زمانیه که این طرف شروع میکن� به نوشتن کتاب راجع به "رموز موفقیت در بورس" یا "چگونه میلیونر شویم" و آدمه� شروع میکن� از اونها الگو برداری کردن.
اصولا در بررسی هر شرایطی باید یک چیز رو در نظر گرفت. اینکه "خروجیها� احتمالی" دیگه این پروسهه� میتونس� چی باشه؟
توانایی ذهن ما در مواجه با احتمالات و پدیدهها� تصادفی اونقدر ضعیفه که بدون وادار کردن ذهن به در نظر گرفتن سایر "خروجیها� احتمالی" نمیتونی� به درستی فکر کنیم. اگر 10 میمون رو در نظر بگیریم و جلوی هر کدوم یک ماشین تایپ بذاریم تا به صورت تصادفی شروع به تایپ کردن بکنن، در صورتی که یکی از اونها به طور تصادفی یک صفحه از کتاب "ایلیاد و ادیسه هومر" رو تایپ کن، منطقا باید لحاظ بکنیم که با میمون خاصی مواجه هستیم. اما اگر به جای 10 میمون، دهه� میلیون میمون داشته باشیم چی؟ حتما چندتایی پیدا میش�.
با توجه به اونچه که تا به اینجا گفتیم میش� کل حرف نسیم طالب رو اینطور خلاصه کرد: ا
با توجه به حجم عظیمی از مردم که هر روز دارن در معاملات بورس فعالیت میکنن� قوانین احتمالات تضمین مید� که حتما یک "وارن بافت" ای وجود داره. و برای وجود داشتن چنین فردی، بر طبق قوانین احتمالات، نیازی به مشخصهها� فردی بخصوصی نیست.
البته حالا ما کاری به شخص وارن بافت نداریم و در مثال هم نباید مناقشه کرد. ولی این مثالی که آوردیم دقیقا همون چیزی هست که نسیم طالب بهش میگه:
Fooled by randomness
ما عادت داریم که از روی انسانها� موفق الگو بسازیم ولی متوجه نیستیم که فقط آدمها� موفق دیده میش� و چه بسا کسانی هم بودن که همین کار رو کردن ولی شکست خوردن اما دیده نمیش�. سه مورد اولی که ابتدای ریویو آوردم هم موارد سادهت� همین موضوع بودن. و نسیم طالب معتقده این وجه "تصادفی بودن" رو در قبال هر مسالها� باید لحاظ کرد. اگرچه ذهن ما به این کار عادت نداره و برعکس برای کشف و خصوصا ابداع روابط علی و معلولی بهینه شده. (به یاد بیارید خرافاتی نظیر نحسی 13، زدن به تخته و ...)
در واقع نسیم طالب تا اونجا پیش میره که تمام مطالعات تاریخی رو به باد انتقاد میگیر�. چرا که تماما حاصل "رشنالایز" کردن اونچه که اتفاق افتاده هستن. در واقع، صحبت کردن از گذشته آسونه چون "رندُمنِ�" در اثر رخداد کاهش پیدا کرده. در حالی که مورخی جرات پیشبین� آینده رو نداره چون "رَندُمنِ�" آینده بسیار بالاست. عینا همین ایراد رو البته با شدت خیلی بیشتر به اقتصاددانا� میگیر�. حرف نسیم طالب فقط اینه: دست از "رشنالایز" کردن وقایع بکشید و اعتراف کنید که بخش عمدها� ��ز اونچه که داره رخ مید� "رَندُمنِ�" هست!! ا
سرجمع اگرچه خودم بشخصه آنچنان با نسیم طالب موافق نبودم ولی برغم همه پر حرفیها� و زبون گزنده� و طنز بیمزها� اقرار میکن� که نمیش� حرفها� این مرد رو نادیده گرفت.
پ.ن: اگر احیانا هنوز متوجه مورد 1 نشدید بذارید براتون توضیح بدم: شما 160 تا شماره تصادفی انتخاب میکن�. یک سهم تصادفی هم انتخاب میکن�. به 80 تا میگی فردا مثبته. به 80 تا میگی فردا منفی. فردا که شد، یا مثبته یا منفی. 80 تا میرن کنار، باز از اونایی که باقی موندن به 40 تا میگی فردا مثبته، به 40 تا میگی فردا منفی. روز سوم 20، نفر، روز چهارم 10 نفر و روز پنجم، کلاه 5 نفر رو میتون� با اطمینان خاطر برداری! 😉ا
فرض کنید که یک روز تلفن ناشناسی دریافت میکنی� که به شما میگ� "فردا فلان سهم، مثبته و به نفعته خریداری کنی!". مسلما شما این تماس رو خیلی جدی نمیگیر�. هر چند فردای اون روز حتما بازار رو رصد میکن� و احتمالا کمی متعجب میش� از اینکه سهم مذبور، مثبت بود. دوباره روز بعد این قضیه تکرار میش�. "فردا فلان سهم مثبته" و باز هم درسته. مجددا، "فردا فلان سهم منفیه". و باز هم درست! قاعدتا بعد از چهار، پنج روز، شما مجاب میش� که مقداری پول به این بابا بدی تا همونطور که گفته، 50-50 با هم توی سود شریک بشین.
2)
میمونی رو فرض کنید که با پرتاب دارت به سمت یک صفحه که اسم 30 شرکت برتر بازار روی اون نوشته شده، 3 شرکت رو جهت خریداری سهام اونها انتخاب میکن�. سه سهم انتخاب شده در مجموع %12+ سود مید� در حالی که شاخص کل اون 30 سهم بزرگ بازار، در اون روز %10- بوده.
3)
بابایی رو فرض کنید که 29 سالشه و تونسته نه با رانت و انحصار واردات خودرو و این حرفا، که واقعا با تکیه بر زور بازوی خودش، 3 میلیون دلار پول در بیاره. رمز موفقیت؟ 3 بار شرط بندی توی "رولت روسی". هر بار یک میلیون دلار!
اصولا گونه انسان تمایل زیادی داره که الگوهای موفقیت اطرافش رو شناسایی کن و از اونها جهت بقا و حفظ مزیت رقابتی خودش الگو برداری کن. در خصوص سه مورد بالا، چیزی که موجب میش� توجه ما انسانها� به عنوان یک گونه جانوری، بسیار جلب بشه، چیزی هست که اصطلاحا بهش میگ�:
Survivorship Bias
اینو فعلا داشته باشین. از طرف دیگه، یک تمایل دیگه هم در انسان هست که میل داره محیط پیرامونش رو بشناسه، و اگرچه قادر نباشه کاملا روابط علت و معلولی رخدادهایی که مشاهده میکن� رو درک کن، اما شدیدا نیاز داره روابطی برای اونها بسازه و اصطلاحا اونه� رو "رَشنالایز" کن
طی این سناریوهایی که گفتیم، ما فقط داریم فردی رو که موفق شده نگاه میکنی� و کسانی که همین رویکرد رو به کار گرفتند ولی موفق نشدند رو نمیبینی�. در حالی که در مورد بهترین عملکردها، اغلب مقدار قابل توجهی شانس دخیل بوده.
تا مادامی که فرد موفق صرفا در پی "رشنالایز" کردن رخداد و نسبت دادن نتیجه به عوامل احتمالا مربوط به خودش هست، میشه از گناهش صرف نظر کرد. اما مشکل زمانیه که این طرف شروع میکن� به نوشتن کتاب راجع به "رموز موفقیت در بورس" یا "چگونه میلیونر شویم" و آدمه� شروع میکن� از اونها الگو برداری کردن.
اصولا در بررسی هر شرایطی باید یک چیز رو در نظر گرفت. اینکه "خروجیها� احتمالی" دیگه این پروسهه� میتونس� چی باشه؟
توانایی ذهن ما در مواجه با احتمالات و پدیدهها� تصادفی اونقدر ضعیفه که بدون وادار کردن ذهن به در نظر گرفتن سایر "خروجیها� احتمالی" نمیتونی� به درستی فکر کنیم. اگر 10 میمون رو در نظر بگیریم و جلوی هر کدوم یک ماشین تایپ بذاریم تا به صورت تصادفی شروع به تایپ کردن بکنن، در صورتی که یکی از اونها به طور تصادفی یک صفحه از کتاب "ایلیاد و ادیسه هومر" رو تایپ کن، منطقا باید لحاظ بکنیم که با میمون خاصی مواجه هستیم. اما اگر به جای 10 میمون، دهه� میلیون میمون داشته باشیم چی؟ حتما چندتایی پیدا میش�.
با توجه به اونچه که تا به اینجا گفتیم میش� کل حرف نسیم طالب رو اینطور خلاصه کرد: ا
با توجه به حجم عظیمی از مردم که هر روز دارن در معاملات بورس فعالیت میکنن� قوانین احتمالات تضمین مید� که حتما یک "وارن بافت" ای وجود داره. و برای وجود داشتن چنین فردی، بر طبق قوانین احتمالات، نیازی به مشخصهها� فردی بخصوصی نیست.
البته حالا ما کاری به شخص وارن بافت نداریم و در مثال هم نباید مناقشه کرد. ولی این مثالی که آوردیم دقیقا همون چیزی هست که نسیم طالب بهش میگه:
Fooled by randomness
ما عادت داریم که از روی انسانها� موفق الگو بسازیم ولی متوجه نیستیم که فقط آدمها� موفق دیده میش� و چه بسا کسانی هم بودن که همین کار رو کردن ولی شکست خوردن اما دیده نمیش�. سه مورد اولی که ابتدای ریویو آوردم هم موارد سادهت� همین موضوع بودن. و نسیم طالب معتقده این وجه "تصادفی بودن" رو در قبال هر مسالها� باید لحاظ کرد. اگرچه ذهن ما به این کار عادت نداره و برعکس برای کشف و خصوصا ابداع روابط علی و معلولی بهینه شده. (به یاد بیارید خرافاتی نظیر نحسی 13، زدن به تخته و ...)
در واقع نسیم طالب تا اونجا پیش میره که تمام مطالعات تاریخی رو به باد انتقاد میگیر�. چرا که تماما حاصل "رشنالایز" کردن اونچه که اتفاق افتاده هستن. در واقع، صحبت کردن از گذشته آسونه چون "رندُمنِ�" در اثر رخداد کاهش پیدا کرده. در حالی که مورخی جرات پیشبین� آینده رو نداره چون "رَندُمنِ�" آینده بسیار بالاست. عینا همین ایراد رو البته با شدت خیلی بیشتر به اقتصاددانا� میگیر�. حرف نسیم طالب فقط اینه: دست از "رشنالایز" کردن وقایع بکشید و اعتراف کنید که بخش عمدها� ��ز اونچه که داره رخ مید� "رَندُمنِ�" هست!! ا
سرجمع اگرچه خودم بشخصه آنچنان با نسیم طالب موافق نبودم ولی برغم همه پر حرفیها� و زبون گزنده� و طنز بیمزها� اقرار میکن� که نمیش� حرفها� این مرد رو نادیده گرفت.
پ.ن: اگر احیانا هنوز متوجه مورد 1 نشدید بذارید براتون توضیح بدم: شما 160 تا شماره تصادفی انتخاب میکن�. یک سهم تصادفی هم انتخاب میکن�. به 80 تا میگی فردا مثبته. به 80 تا میگی فردا منفی. فردا که شد، یا مثبته یا منفی. 80 تا میرن کنار، باز از اونایی که باقی موندن به 40 تا میگی فردا مثبته، به 40 تا میگی فردا منفی. روز سوم 20، نفر، روز چهارم 10 نفر و روز پنجم، کلاه 5 نفر رو میتون� با اطمینان خاطر برداری! 😉ا
Read
August 13, 2017I'm not certain if it was this book I read or by the same author. Importantly I was not convinced by the blurbs or the reviews that there is any great significance in which one, if any, of these two books you may read.
It is one of those books with an interesting premise that grows steadily less interesting as you read. And as I read I had the growing feeling that the book could have been conveniently summarised in a dozen and a half bullet points with a few anecdotes tacked on for amusement. This naturally led me to resent both the time I spent reading it and the author for stretching a good magazine article into book length.
What the author has to say is interesting and it has to be said that skill is required to repeat your ideas repetitively in repetition and to repeatedly stretch repetitively those repeated ideas that would have been enough for a ten or fifteen page article repetitively over three hundred plus pages of repetition. Having said that I did have a warm feeling of Schadenfreude at the plight of the broker who lost everything and was last seen in his string vest smoking a cigarette to death as his few unreprocessed chattels were loaded on to the back of a very small van.
The notion of the black swan sums up his argument ie until Europeans arrived in Australia none of them had any idea that there was such a thing as a black swan. In the same way in the markets, or more generally in any activity, you can't calculate the risk or probability of an event if it's never happened - or as in the case of a black swan, if you can't even conceive of the very possibility of the event, the kind of things famously described by Donald Rumsfeld as the 'unknown unknowns'.
Reading one gets the impression that Taleb is modestly impressed by his own brilliance, one could well believe that he talks about himself in the third person like Caesar in Asterix, and that he is something of what might be technically described as an arsehole.
Borrow don't buy. Even better - borrow the Reader's Digest version.
It is one of those books with an interesting premise that grows steadily less interesting as you read. And as I read I had the growing feeling that the book could have been conveniently summarised in a dozen and a half bullet points with a few anecdotes tacked on for amusement. This naturally led me to resent both the time I spent reading it and the author for stretching a good magazine article into book length.
What the author has to say is interesting and it has to be said that skill is required to repeat your ideas repetitively in repetition and to repeatedly stretch repetitively those repeated ideas that would have been enough for a ten or fifteen page article repetitively over three hundred plus pages of repetition. Having said that I did have a warm feeling of Schadenfreude at the plight of the broker who lost everything and was last seen in his string vest smoking a cigarette to death as his few unreprocessed chattels were loaded on to the back of a very small van.
The notion of the black swan sums up his argument ie until Europeans arrived in Australia none of them had any idea that there was such a thing as a black swan. In the same way in the markets, or more generally in any activity, you can't calculate the risk or probability of an event if it's never happened - or as in the case of a black swan, if you can't even conceive of the very possibility of the event, the kind of things famously described by Donald Rumsfeld as the 'unknown unknowns'.
Reading one gets the impression that Taleb is modestly impressed by his own brilliance, one could well believe that he talks about himself in the third person like Caesar in Asterix, and that he is something of what might be technically described as an arsehole.
Borrow don't buy. Even better - borrow the Reader's Digest version.
July 12, 2020
Don't Be Fooled
The author is a Legend in his Own Mind, and he reminds the reader of his brilliance every few pages.
I'd rather have a waxen image of me stuck repeatedly in my tiny black eyes with voodoo pins than read another book by this man.
The author is a Legend in his Own Mind, and he reminds the reader of his brilliance every few pages.
I'd rather have a waxen image of me stuck repeatedly in my tiny black eyes with voodoo pins than read another book by this man.
December 26, 2013
This book is a lot of painful reading for little reward, as there was nothing truly remarkable or revelatory about Taleb's insights. Most of what can be said of this book has already been said by other reviewers on GoodReads, so I will just briefly recap here: he is incredibly unlikeable, and infuses the book with anecdote and a general disdain for most of humanity, while exemplifying many of the characteristics he rails against. His insights will not be news to anyone who has read even a little bit about statistics, decision making under uncertainty, and behavioural economics. Part II is markedly better than Part I because he finally delves into what I (foolishly?) thought that the book was supposed to be about, but you have to make it through 130 pages of arrogance and badly composed narrative. Part II would have been pretty good if I hadn't read a lot of other books on the topics, and for those who are interested in economic markets, I think this would interest you if you can move past the constant interjections of Taleb's personal philosophy. Personally, my eyes glaze over when I read about trading, and I much prefer books like The Drunkard's Walk, which illustrates many of the same (but also many more) concepts. I was happy to read the section on Tversky and Kahneman, but I find their work infinitely more interesting and readable than his summary, and you are spared the normative commentary. Ironic for a man who criticises the normative dimensions of economics, Taleb certainly pushes a strong view of the world. When Taleb does delve into intriguing concepts, I was frustrated with the fact that he explained them poorly and incompletely, and quickly moved on to another topic. Much of the anecdote in the book could have been removed to make way for the real substance of the book. I don't really disagree with his criticisms of MBAs, economists, traders, journalists, etc., but I also don't think anything he says is especially revealing of insightful for most of us who aren't involved in the trading world. All in all, I am really puzzled by the popularity of this book, and I would strongly recommend against bothering with this one. If you're really interested in randomness, I would recommend The Drunkard's Walk.
April 28, 2020
This is the first book of INCERTO, the most polite, the simplest, and the best to start. I feel like I should read the remaining four(at least for now) again, and I'd love to.
Nassim uses a great analogy, so simple that child can understand, and explain a quite complex problem with statistics. He also makes some laugh at people that use statistics but can't understand it, this makes this book even more readable. The best part is - there is no ghostwriter or editor, all the thoughts are said by the author, and it makes this book quite unique in the non-fiction genre.
Nassim uses a great analogy, so simple that child can understand, and explain a quite complex problem with statistics. He also makes some laugh at people that use statistics but can't understand it, this makes this book even more readable. The best part is - there is no ghostwriter or editor, all the thoughts are said by the author, and it makes this book quite unique in the non-fiction genre.
October 22, 2013
A nice thesis (humans are unable to correctly assess risk and probability and therefore fall into all kinds of traps) wrapped in pompous and befuddled writing. At times the logic and flow is so jumpy and flawed that I thought there was something wrong with my copy.
There is something wrong almost constantly, but the biggest WTF moment came for me, when Taleb, who constantly reminds the reader that everybody else is a fool and it's just him who has insight and the tools to master probability, talks about scientific study of medication and the absence-of-evidence-cliché. It makes him furious that so many of the idiot journalists out there misunderstand absence of evidence for evidence of absence, and he cites studies where despite numerous subjects no significant benefit can be shown for a medication over placebo treatment. This is not evidence that there is no effect of the medication! he yells, and completely fails to understand the difference between significance and effect size. Yes, it may well come out later that the medication indeed does have an effect. But no, it is not at all likely that that effect will be very relevant, as its size must be tiny or the original study methodically flawed (as otherwise it would have found it).
To reiterate, Taleb does not distinguish between significance and effect size in an argument where he calls everyone else a fool for not getting probabilities right. Sums up the book quite nicely.
(In addition, it is very annoying when his constant reminding the reader that he is no expert on something does not stop him from talking about it, just from giving any evidence for what he is talking about whatsoever. This is mainly true for evolutionary psychology, but threads throughout. "I'm not a scientist, but a humble trader, so I'll just make shit up now" does not really work as captatio benevolentiae).
There is something wrong almost constantly, but the biggest WTF moment came for me, when Taleb, who constantly reminds the reader that everybody else is a fool and it's just him who has insight and the tools to master probability, talks about scientific study of medication and the absence-of-evidence-cliché. It makes him furious that so many of the idiot journalists out there misunderstand absence of evidence for evidence of absence, and he cites studies where despite numerous subjects no significant benefit can be shown for a medication over placebo treatment. This is not evidence that there is no effect of the medication! he yells, and completely fails to understand the difference between significance and effect size. Yes, it may well come out later that the medication indeed does have an effect. But no, it is not at all likely that that effect will be very relevant, as its size must be tiny or the original study methodically flawed (as otherwise it would have found it).
To reiterate, Taleb does not distinguish between significance and effect size in an argument where he calls everyone else a fool for not getting probabilities right. Sums up the book quite nicely.
(In addition, it is very annoying when his constant reminding the reader that he is no expert on something does not stop him from talking about it, just from giving any evidence for what he is talking about whatsoever. This is mainly true for evolutionary psychology, but threads throughout. "I'm not a scientist, but a humble trader, so I'll just make shit up now" does not really work as captatio benevolentiae).
August 12, 2018
Again, I'm astounded by the quality of Taleb's writing. His theory is both scientific and poetic, his insights are always useful and reflect what I often experience in my life...the one thing that really impressed me in this book, however, was his ability to tell a great story. That's something I had forgotten about.
Before I can truly judge this book, however, I do think I need to read it a second time. Taleb always has sharp provocative ideas, but they do need to be reflected on and digested. Since this is the third book I've read of his and since I've read them in reverse order, I probably don't need a thorough second reading. I would recommend all readers, however, to highlight key passages with a pencil and come back to them periodically to reflect on them.
A key lesson that comes out of this book is this, you should always be asking yourself "How can I not blow up?" How can I not be an acute successful randomness fool? In other words, how can I not take risks so enormously stupid that I never recover from them?
Another key lesson: survivorship bias...we consider rich people successful; however, we do not see the people did the exact same things (took enormous risks) and blew up as a result. We only worship the lucky idiots.
And here's a lesson on intellectual humility: "My lesson from Mr. Soros is to start every meeting at my trading boutique by convincing everyone that we are a bunch of idiots who know nothing and are mistake prone, but happen to be endowed with the rare privilege of knowing it."
Another wonderful book, another wonderful afternoon spent!
Before I can truly judge this book, however, I do think I need to read it a second time. Taleb always has sharp provocative ideas, but they do need to be reflected on and digested. Since this is the third book I've read of his and since I've read them in reverse order, I probably don't need a thorough second reading. I would recommend all readers, however, to highlight key passages with a pencil and come back to them periodically to reflect on them.
A key lesson that comes out of this book is this, you should always be asking yourself "How can I not blow up?" How can I not be an acute successful randomness fool? In other words, how can I not take risks so enormously stupid that I never recover from them?
Another key lesson: survivorship bias...we consider rich people successful; however, we do not see the people did the exact same things (took enormous risks) and blew up as a result. We only worship the lucky idiots.
And here's a lesson on intellectual humility: "My lesson from Mr. Soros is to start every meeting at my trading boutique by convincing everyone that we are a bunch of idiots who know nothing and are mistake prone, but happen to be endowed with the rare privilege of knowing it."
Another wonderful book, another wonderful afternoon spent!
December 15, 2008
This is the best book I have read all year, closely followed by his other book, The Black Swan. Fooled by Randomness is one of that select group of books that changes your mind entirely. Once I read it I could never look at the world the same again, nor could I take my old assumptions for granted.
We are so accustomed to looking at the world and seeing patterns that we do not always understand that we may be seeing randomness and imposing a pattern where none belongs. Taleb talks about the various ways we fool ourselves and why we cannot help but be wrong much of the time. He branches out from probability and mathematics to explain why our minds work as they do and what the recent psychological and neuroscientific studies as well as evolutionary psychology have to say about how we think and why we are so easily fooled by randomness.
His writing is lively and peppered with anecdotes. It is an easy read but he never condescends to the reader nor dumbs down the subject. A great read!
We are so accustomed to looking at the world and seeing patterns that we do not always understand that we may be seeing randomness and imposing a pattern where none belongs. Taleb talks about the various ways we fool ourselves and why we cannot help but be wrong much of the time. He branches out from probability and mathematics to explain why our minds work as they do and what the recent psychological and neuroscientific studies as well as evolutionary psychology have to say about how we think and why we are so easily fooled by randomness.
His writing is lively and peppered with anecdotes. It is an easy read but he never condescends to the reader nor dumbs down the subject. A great read!
August 26, 2007
"Expect the unexpected" -- an aphorism that almost completely summarises the book. Cliches exist for a reason, but 196 pages later I feel the point has been well made.
Taleb is a stock market trader. As a trader, he believes that there is no way in general to predict the stock market -- that there are so many variables that the resulting stock price is indistinguishable from pure noise. Unfortunately, his profession is filled with people who believe that they *can* predict the market. In fact, some of these people trade very successfully for a while. Taleb belives that no trader can stay ahead of the market forever. The success of a small number of traders for a short amount of time can simply be explained by statistics: after all, given a large enough group of traders, some are bound to be successful some of the time even if their trades are entirely random.
This point is well illustrated with many examples, and this is where the book falters for me. Some of the examples are great (he goes into a lot of detail about various Monte Carlo simulations he has constructed), but some just seem like strawmen (he goes to a lot of trouble to describe the fancy cars, extravagant house, impulsive trading strategy, and hubris of a hypothetical trader, setting him up for his inevitable fall at the hands of the "unexpected rare event").
Some examples are just plain wrong, or at least misleading. For example, he goes into detail describing the work of Karl Popper, a philosopher who was interested in the question "how do you tell the difference between science and non-science?" Popper proposed several theories of science to answer this question.
The first, naive falsificationism, essentially states two things: firstly, that a theory is scientific if it can be falsified; and secondly, that a theory which has been falsified should no longer be used.
The second, sophisticated falsificationism, was a response to both the negativity of naive falsificationism and also a response to the criticism that science doesn't work that way (by immediately discarding theories the moment they contradict any evidence). Sophisticated falsificationism again states two things: that a theory is scientific if it leads to the discovery of novel (ie, new) facts; and that a theory is falsified by a new theory if the new theory can accurately predict everything the old theory could but *also* can accurately predict novel facts. General relativity is the canonical example of this: it incorporates Newtonian mechanics at low speeds but also explains things that Newtonian mechanics cannot at near-light speeds.
Anyway, Taleb's summary of all of this was "Popper's detractors called him a naive falsificationist." They did not, or at least not disparagingly, because Popper himself proposed the term, and labeled himself accordingly! I can understand why Taleb might not have wanted to include a huge explicative paragraph on Popper, but the book would have been just fine without the dubious example.
Another example of sloppiness occurs later, when Taleb talks about the QWERTY keyboard layout as an example of "the vicious dynamics of winning and losing in an economy" and repeats the old saw that the QWERTY layout was designed to slow typists down, and that it succeeded anyway because of a "snowball effect" of popularity. This claim is highly contentious (in fact one way to both speed typists up and prevent mechanical key jams is to put commonly-used letter combinations on opposite sides of the keyboard, something that QWERTY does to some extent but that Dvorak does much better), and once again the book would have been just fine without it.
Taleb is best when he is covering his area of expertise -- probability -- and the chapters dealing with probability are great. There are also several enjoyable and illustrative personal anecdotes which are a fun and memorable read.
Overall I enjoyed the book. I just wish he'd put more thought into his examples.
Taleb is a stock market trader. As a trader, he believes that there is no way in general to predict the stock market -- that there are so many variables that the resulting stock price is indistinguishable from pure noise. Unfortunately, his profession is filled with people who believe that they *can* predict the market. In fact, some of these people trade very successfully for a while. Taleb belives that no trader can stay ahead of the market forever. The success of a small number of traders for a short amount of time can simply be explained by statistics: after all, given a large enough group of traders, some are bound to be successful some of the time even if their trades are entirely random.
This point is well illustrated with many examples, and this is where the book falters for me. Some of the examples are great (he goes into a lot of detail about various Monte Carlo simulations he has constructed), but some just seem like strawmen (he goes to a lot of trouble to describe the fancy cars, extravagant house, impulsive trading strategy, and hubris of a hypothetical trader, setting him up for his inevitable fall at the hands of the "unexpected rare event").
Some examples are just plain wrong, or at least misleading. For example, he goes into detail describing the work of Karl Popper, a philosopher who was interested in the question "how do you tell the difference between science and non-science?" Popper proposed several theories of science to answer this question.
The first, naive falsificationism, essentially states two things: firstly, that a theory is scientific if it can be falsified; and secondly, that a theory which has been falsified should no longer be used.
The second, sophisticated falsificationism, was a response to both the negativity of naive falsificationism and also a response to the criticism that science doesn't work that way (by immediately discarding theories the moment they contradict any evidence). Sophisticated falsificationism again states two things: that a theory is scientific if it leads to the discovery of novel (ie, new) facts; and that a theory is falsified by a new theory if the new theory can accurately predict everything the old theory could but *also* can accurately predict novel facts. General relativity is the canonical example of this: it incorporates Newtonian mechanics at low speeds but also explains things that Newtonian mechanics cannot at near-light speeds.
Anyway, Taleb's summary of all of this was "Popper's detractors called him a naive falsificationist." They did not, or at least not disparagingly, because Popper himself proposed the term, and labeled himself accordingly! I can understand why Taleb might not have wanted to include a huge explicative paragraph on Popper, but the book would have been just fine without the dubious example.
Another example of sloppiness occurs later, when Taleb talks about the QWERTY keyboard layout as an example of "the vicious dynamics of winning and losing in an economy" and repeats the old saw that the QWERTY layout was designed to slow typists down, and that it succeeded anyway because of a "snowball effect" of popularity. This claim is highly contentious (in fact one way to both speed typists up and prevent mechanical key jams is to put commonly-used letter combinations on opposite sides of the keyboard, something that QWERTY does to some extent but that Dvorak does much better), and once again the book would have been just fine without it.
Taleb is best when he is covering his area of expertise -- probability -- and the chapters dealing with probability are great. There are also several enjoyable and illustrative personal anecdotes which are a fun and memorable read.
Overall I enjoyed the book. I just wish he'd put more thought into his examples.
June 28, 2020
A few insights from Fooled by Randomness by Nassim Nicholas Taleb:
� People often mistake luck and randomness for skill and logic.
� Human brain was not built to make forecasts or think in probabilities.
� Just because it hasn’t happened before, doesn’t mean that it won’t happen any time.
� Emotions can overwhelm any capacity for rational thought.
� Reduce exposure to noise � newspapers, daily stock prices changes, television, etc.
� We are genetically poor at understanding the impact of rare events. One black swan makes the long held belief that all swans are white incorrect.
� In the long run, successful fools will run out of luck and after many years of success they will have one disastrous quarter where they lose everything.
� The past blowups were always surprises, as all future ones will also be.
� Path dependent outcome � things sometimes end up as they are because of luck or randomness, not because it makes sense.
� People get attached to their ideas, but we should learn to change our minds when presented with solid evidence.
� The more enduring trading strategy is betting on rare or unlikely events with a big payoff in case they occur.
� People often mistake luck and randomness for skill and logic.
� Human brain was not built to make forecasts or think in probabilities.
� Just because it hasn’t happened before, doesn’t mean that it won’t happen any time.
� Emotions can overwhelm any capacity for rational thought.
� Reduce exposure to noise � newspapers, daily stock prices changes, television, etc.
� We are genetically poor at understanding the impact of rare events. One black swan makes the long held belief that all swans are white incorrect.
� In the long run, successful fools will run out of luck and after many years of success they will have one disastrous quarter where they lose everything.
� The past blowups were always surprises, as all future ones will also be.
� Path dependent outcome � things sometimes end up as they are because of luck or randomness, not because it makes sense.
� People get attached to their ideas, but we should learn to change our minds when presented with solid evidence.
� The more enduring trading strategy is betting on rare or unlikely events with a big payoff in case they occur.
October 11, 2014
I assigned this to a class, with a warning that Taleb can be an insufferable, arrogant, jerk; but he was not going to be the last one they deal with so they have to get past that. But, from reading their reports, I think that it paid off. The attitude and tone he takes has a purpose, to deliver a message in three parts: we are not good at dealing with uncertainty, we don't think about uncertainty right because we tend to only see what actually happened instead of considering all the possibilities, and the way to get past this is to consider the process and be assured that it would have handled bad news well. And because of that effectiveness (many of my students stated they never read anything book length voluntarily), the book keeps the readers attention (if the tone does not drive them away!) and is memorable. I have textbooks that I can assign that teaches methods of measuring uncertainty, Fooled by Randomness helped my students learn to think about risk, and that makes it a success in their (and mine) eyes.
July 2, 2012
Interesting idea badly executed. So badly, in fact, I was left wondering who it was written for; it was neither coherent enough for an academic audience nor clear enough for a general one. The book is suffused with trivial errors of fact and usage, to the point where no statement (trivial or otherwise) retains any credibility. It is filled with the most glaring contradictions: the author will condemn an act on one page and commit it on the next, without any appreciable shred of self-awareness. This bizarrely paradoxical presentation is further exacerbated by the author's own explicit claims to possess the very self-awareness which is no where in evidence.
Lastly, I should note that this is a claim about the text, not the author. He may very well be a genius-wizard of the highest of high orders. Whether this is or is not the case, this book conceals it very well. His fans, however, are demonstrably fools. They admire the book based not on its contents, but on the author's own financial successes, while the book itself makes precisely the opposite point
--that admiring people who happen to be successful without regard to their underlying thinking is itself foolish.
Ug, business majors....
Lastly, I should note that this is a claim about the text, not the author. He may very well be a genius-wizard of the highest of high orders. Whether this is or is not the case, this book conceals it very well. His fans, however, are demonstrably fools. They admire the book based not on its contents, but on the author's own financial successes, while the book itself makes precisely the opposite point
--that admiring people who happen to be successful without regard to their underlying thinking is itself foolish.
Ug, business majors....
March 2, 2009
This is a book by a trader with an intellectual streak -- although he might say he’s an intellectual with a trading streak. Nassim Taleb's book is highly idiosyncratic and personal, which is both what lends it a lot of its interest and what occasionally makes it irritating. Overall, he does not seem like a likeable man, and in fact is probably proud of that fact. But, it does get kind of tiresome to be told for the 5th or 10th time how unimpressed by wealth he is. In fact, he is clearly impressed by wealth, but counteracts it by stressing how little he works, how much time he devotes to intellectual pursuits and how much smarter he is than the typical wealthy person. But, all that’s just literary style -- and apparently a very popular one, judging by the sales of the book. It remains a fascinating book nonetheless.
Key ideas: We do not gauge causation, probability and risk very well, and hence we do not act according to a rational model of behavior, a la homo economicus. His heroes are Nobel Prize-winner Daniel Kahnemann and Amos Tversky, whom Taleb sees as the greatest thinkers in modern economics, since they re-wrote the book about how we actually decide as opposed to how economists and other rationalists think we ought to decide. Based on their work and that of a host of other researchers in behavioral economics/finance, he catalogs many of the systematic biases that strongly affect our behavior, such as:
o Hindsight bias: We fit the explanation to the events after the fact, as if we knew it at the time. And, we see patterns where there are none � or we see the wrong pattern. Mistrust the predictions of experts � they will almost always be trumped by an evidence-based analysis, since they tend to mis-remember the past. They remember their successes and forget their failures.
o Attribution bias: Beautiful people are more virtuous than ugly people. Tall people are more likely to be leaders than short people. A man in a suit is more trustworthy than a man in t-shirt and jeans. And so on.
o Small number bias: We extrapolate wildly from small samples.
o Asymmetric pain/pleasure from losses or gains: The pain of a loss is roughly twice as much as the pleasure from an equivalent-sized gain. So we sell our winners but keep our losers (to avoid having to feel the pain).
In short, life is more random than you think and your ability to navigate it rationally is more limited than you think.
What do I think of all this? He's right that it's a good idea to keep an open mind and to be ready to change your mind when you come up with a better interpretation and/or a more accurate set of facts. So far, so good. But his core world view is the product of the only profession he's ever known: Wall Street trading. As such, he does not shape let alone control events -- he simply bets on their outcome. That's not the kind of perspective that makes you see the world as a highly deterministic place, or one where, if you hope to survive long enough to get a few gray hairs, you can think of yourself as a "master of the universe" or even captain of your ship. He doesn't want to be captain of the ship; he just wants to bet on whether the ship will sink in the next storm or not, and turn a profit on the bet.
Key ideas: We do not gauge causation, probability and risk very well, and hence we do not act according to a rational model of behavior, a la homo economicus. His heroes are Nobel Prize-winner Daniel Kahnemann and Amos Tversky, whom Taleb sees as the greatest thinkers in modern economics, since they re-wrote the book about how we actually decide as opposed to how economists and other rationalists think we ought to decide. Based on their work and that of a host of other researchers in behavioral economics/finance, he catalogs many of the systematic biases that strongly affect our behavior, such as:
o Hindsight bias: We fit the explanation to the events after the fact, as if we knew it at the time. And, we see patterns where there are none � or we see the wrong pattern. Mistrust the predictions of experts � they will almost always be trumped by an evidence-based analysis, since they tend to mis-remember the past. They remember their successes and forget their failures.
o Attribution bias: Beautiful people are more virtuous than ugly people. Tall people are more likely to be leaders than short people. A man in a suit is more trustworthy than a man in t-shirt and jeans. And so on.
o Small number bias: We extrapolate wildly from small samples.
o Asymmetric pain/pleasure from losses or gains: The pain of a loss is roughly twice as much as the pleasure from an equivalent-sized gain. So we sell our winners but keep our losers (to avoid having to feel the pain).
In short, life is more random than you think and your ability to navigate it rationally is more limited than you think.
What do I think of all this? He's right that it's a good idea to keep an open mind and to be ready to change your mind when you come up with a better interpretation and/or a more accurate set of facts. So far, so good. But his core world view is the product of the only profession he's ever known: Wall Street trading. As such, he does not shape let alone control events -- he simply bets on their outcome. That's not the kind of perspective that makes you see the world as a highly deterministic place, or one where, if you hope to survive long enough to get a few gray hairs, you can think of yourself as a "master of the universe" or even captain of your ship. He doesn't want to be captain of the ship; he just wants to bet on whether the ship will sink in the next storm or not, and turn a profit on the bet.
September 28, 2014
The author says right at the beginning in his 20+ page preface that the book is intentionally left unstructured so that it may resemble the flow of his thoughts as and when they popped up. And that I believe is the problem. He seems to go around in circles repeating his ideas and thoughts, coming back to the same points, pulling in unrelated anecdotes while already inside one, leaving thoughts hanging without any form of closure, and generally ensuring you end up doing exactly what he says you shouldn't be doing: making sense of random noise.
In all, a decent read, though I thought way too lengthy and cluttered for what he had to say. And the fin-hater in me had to plough through all these pages on investments and trading.
In all, a decent read, though I thought way too lengthy and cluttered for what he had to say. And the fin-hater in me had to plough through all these pages on investments and trading.
July 20, 2015
I've resisted reading Taleb for reasons he might approve of. I am suspicious of new gurus and of intellectual fads, especially when the word 'market' is factored in. I've finally read this book because a friend whose insights I give some weight to respects Taleb's ideas.
What I found is a witty, personable narrative about the dangers of pattern recognition, novelty addiction and overestimating our ability to be rational. Taleb draws on philosophy, mathematics, psychiatry and personal experience and a lifetime of observing a field particularly prone to being tossed on the tides of randomness to cut away many of the assumptions and avowed certainties that are bandied about in business circles.
What makes this interesting to me is that Taleb's ideas are relevant beyond the world of trading. This book has things to say about human nature and the good life, and that was more than I expected from a writer I had initially pegged as another prophet of the month for the MBA crowd.
What I found is a witty, personable narrative about the dangers of pattern recognition, novelty addiction and overestimating our ability to be rational. Taleb draws on philosophy, mathematics, psychiatry and personal experience and a lifetime of observing a field particularly prone to being tossed on the tides of randomness to cut away many of the assumptions and avowed certainties that are bandied about in business circles.
What makes this interesting to me is that Taleb's ideas are relevant beyond the world of trading. This book has things to say about human nature and the good life, and that was more than I expected from a writer I had initially pegged as another prophet of the month for the MBA crowd.
February 8, 2017
Success of some people is nothing but pure luck. Some people get elated when the find some kind of pattern in randomness, when there is none. Probabilities are misconstrued as certainties. And thus people get fooled by randomness and create theories of success. - This is precisely the belief of Nassim Taleb who goes on and on and on and on to prove it throughout the book.
The tone of the book is dismissive and i-am-intelligent-you-are-stupid pedantic. The author lacks clearly the skills of providing an captivating narrative. Talks on finance bore me. Talks on stock market dynamics doubly bore me. The author having spent big part of his life in finance market, gives 100s of examples to prove his theory, but alas all in stock market and finance.
The author tries hard to appear very intelligent, which he manages by esoteric references and illustrations. But what is the point in intelligent blabber that confuses the reader.
However, there are more than one occasion you will find yourself nodding your head while reading some of the conjectures, especially in the places where the author brings in what you have been always thinking, but rarely talked in the fear of being branded 'jealous' - 'How come that incompetent idiot who can't distinguish between a Picasso and a picture of bull's testicles, is driving a Mercedes, and I am stuck with this Fiat?' with a divine prophecy:
The tone of the book is dismissive and i-am-intelligent-you-are-stupid pedantic. The author lacks clearly the skills of providing an captivating narrative. Talks on finance bore me. Talks on stock market dynamics doubly bore me. The author having spent big part of his life in finance market, gives 100s of examples to prove his theory, but alas all in stock market and finance.
The author tries hard to appear very intelligent, which he manages by esoteric references and illustrations. But what is the point in intelligent blabber that confuses the reader.
However, there are more than one occasion you will find yourself nodding your head while reading some of the conjectures, especially in the places where the author brings in what you have been always thinking, but rarely talked in the fear of being branded 'jealous' - 'How come that incompetent idiot who can't distinguish between a Picasso and a picture of bull's testicles, is driving a Mercedes, and I am stuck with this Fiat?' with a divine prophecy:
Those who were unlucky in life in spite of their skills would eventually rise. The lucky fool might have benefited from some luck in life; over the longer run he would slowly converge to the state of a less-lucky idiot. Each one would revert to his long-term properties.
August 27, 2024
No matter the amount of money you have invested—whether it's a little or a lot—this book is a must-read, especially if you have a manager or an operator handling your investments. This book opens your eyes to the true nature of risk, success, and track records in the world of finance.
Taleb does an exceptional job of explaining how randomness and luck play a much larger role in outcomes than most of us realize. It's easy to be impressed by someone’s success or a strong track record, but this book reminds you to take a step back and understand the underlying factors, especially the role of chance.
The key takeaway is not to be overly impressed by success, particularly in the field of money management. This book is a critical tool for anyone looking to understand the financial world better and make more informed decisions about their investments.
I loved the book because it all makes sense when you encounter a money manager with a successful record, yet their "persona" doesn’t quite align with what you'd expect from a genuinely skilled professional. Now, I understand that they may just be on the lucky side of randomness, especially in a decades-long bull market.
Taleb does an exceptional job of explaining how randomness and luck play a much larger role in outcomes than most of us realize. It's easy to be impressed by someone’s success or a strong track record, but this book reminds you to take a step back and understand the underlying factors, especially the role of chance.
The key takeaway is not to be overly impressed by success, particularly in the field of money management. This book is a critical tool for anyone looking to understand the financial world better and make more informed decisions about their investments.
I loved the book because it all makes sense when you encounter a money manager with a successful record, yet their "persona" doesn’t quite align with what you'd expect from a genuinely skilled professional. Now, I understand that they may just be on the lucky side of randomness, especially in a decades-long bull market.
April 24, 2025
I felt a little let down by this book, having loved Taleb’s previous work. Of the substantive points made in this book, few are new. Taleb covers bounded rationality, conditional probability, regression to the mean, and the various cognitive heuristics (e.g., anchoring, availability), which he discusses mostly in the context of stock trading. He describes the option-trading approach of crisis hunting. He explains how people commonly mistake the median for the mean (the average or expectation) and why it matters in the case of asymmetric distributions, which are common in many areas of life (e.g., medicine, economics).
“Whenever there is asymmetry in outcomes, the average survival has nothing to do with the median ܰ.�
He uses Russian roulette (the barrel of reality) to explain randomness and how, with a sufficiently large number of players, it can give the illusion of success (e.g., if people played it for money), even while hiding the huge cemetery (survivorship bias). The point being that track records, in the context of randomness, are often meaningless. Another example is starting with a large sample of people and sequentially sending out letters that predict different possible outcomes, and then only following up with those recipients who received a string of letters over several months that happened, by chance, to include only accurate predictions.
“The con operator pulls 10,000 names out of a phone book. He mails a bullish letter to one half of the sample, and a bearish one to the other half. The following month he selects the names of the persons to whom he mailed the letter whose prediction turned out to be right, that is, 5,000 names. [And sends them the letters.] The next month he does the same with the remaining 2,500 names...�
Taleb also talks about the hiring process and how he caught MBA’s who falsely claimed to have advanced chess skills. And he talks about the disconnection between wealth and happiness that results from the changing of comparison groups (e.g., neighbors). But again, most of the substantive points in this book have been covered elsewhere in more detail and with less filler (e.g., in and in ).
“Whenever there is asymmetry in outcomes, the average survival has nothing to do with the median ܰ.�
He uses Russian roulette (the barrel of reality) to explain randomness and how, with a sufficiently large number of players, it can give the illusion of success (e.g., if people played it for money), even while hiding the huge cemetery (survivorship bias). The point being that track records, in the context of randomness, are often meaningless. Another example is starting with a large sample of people and sequentially sending out letters that predict different possible outcomes, and then only following up with those recipients who received a string of letters over several months that happened, by chance, to include only accurate predictions.
“The con operator pulls 10,000 names out of a phone book. He mails a bullish letter to one half of the sample, and a bearish one to the other half. The following month he selects the names of the persons to whom he mailed the letter whose prediction turned out to be right, that is, 5,000 names. [And sends them the letters.] The next month he does the same with the remaining 2,500 names...�
Taleb also talks about the hiring process and how he caught MBA’s who falsely claimed to have advanced chess skills. And he talks about the disconnection between wealth and happiness that results from the changing of comparison groups (e.g., neighbors). But again, most of the substantive points in this book have been covered elsewhere in more detail and with less filler (e.g., in and in ).
January 24, 2024
من اول همینطوری اومدم خلاصه کتابو گوش دادم ببینم چیه، خوشم اومد رفتم نسخه� کاملشم شنیدم. :)))
January 28, 2024
Каква е ролята на случайността в живота и на пазара? Н.Н.Талеб не ни казва точно, защото самият той, както признава, разбира се, не знае - но се опитва що годе успешно да ни убеди, че не само я има, но е и доста голяма. И е добре да осъзнаем това.
Дори да можем да осъзнаем, че неща като случайност и шанс съществуват, и че имат роля в това, което се случва с нас, другите и света, мозъците ни не са добре приспособени да осъзнаят в каква голяма степен. Еволюционно сме създадени да търсим винаги конкретни обяснения, някакви закономерности, за това което виждаме - дори за целта да се налага да прибегнем до създаването на чисти митове и легенди и сляпо да вярваме в тях, и яростно да ги защитаваме. За което свидетелства цялата човешка история и историята на цялото човешко познание.
Честно казано, не много повече от това е казано в "Надхитрени от случайността" - безкрайното количество анекдоти имат за цел не толкова да ни обяснят някакви конкретни неща, а по-скоро да затвърдят усещането, че много неща в живота ни и света са абсолютно случайни.
Че често можем да направим правилният избор и пак да загубим, поради чиста случайност (което води до по-важният извод - дори да сме загубили, това не означава непременно, че сме сгрешили).
Че да залагаш "на сигурно" не е никак сигурно, ако не си подготвен за малко вероятно, но потенциално катастрофално стечение на обстоятелствата.
Че да губиш временно не означава задължително, че си на грешен път - ако вероятността накрая да спечелиш много е голяма.
Първата книга от тетралогията Incerto на Н.Н.Талеб слага основата на типичния му разлят, анекдотичен стил, базиран на различни случки и историйки от живота му - който е доста лек за четене и доста тегав за разбиране. Не знам какво го тегли да пише по този начин, но мога да предположа, че е по-скоро инстинктивното му, на емоционално ниво, разбиране за проблемите и въпросите, за които говори, без да си е направил труда да систематизира мислите и изводите си.
Дори да можем да осъзнаем, че неща като случайност и шанс съществуват, и че имат роля в това, което се случва с нас, другите и света, мозъците ни не са добре приспособени да осъзнаят в каква голяма степен. Еволюционно сме създадени да търсим винаги конкретни обяснения, някакви закономерности, за това което виждаме - дори за целта да се налага да прибегнем до създаването на чисти митове и легенди и сляпо да вярваме в тях, и яростно да ги защитаваме. За което свидетелства цялата човешка история и историята на цялото човешко познание.
Честно казано, не много повече от това е казано в "Надхитрени от случайността" - безкрайното количество анекдоти имат за цел не толкова да ни обяснят някакви конкретни неща, а по-скоро да затвърдят усещането, че много неща в живота ни и света са абсолютно случайни.
Че често можем да направим правилният избор и пак да загубим, поради чиста случайност (което води до по-важният извод - дори да сме загубили, това не означава непременно, че сме сгрешили).
Че да залагаш "на сигурно" не е никак сигурно, ако не си подготвен за малко вероятно, но потенциално катастрофално стечение на обстоятелствата.
Че да губиш временно не означава задължително, че си на грешен път - ако вероятността накрая да спечелиш много е голяма.
Първата книга от тетралогията Incerto на Н.Н.Талеб слага основата на типичния му разлят, анекдотичен стил, базиран на различни случки и историйки от живота му - който е доста лек за четене и доста тегав за разбиране. Не знам какво го тегли да пише по този начин, но мога да предположа, че е по-скоро инстинктивното му, на емоционално ниво, разбиране за проблемите и въпросите, за които говори, без да си е направил труда да систематизира мислите и изводите си.
January 26, 2020
Taleb has quickly become one of my favorite writers, possibly my favorite thinker.
Rating his work is difficult. On one hand, I took away a few things from this book that I think will stay with me for the rest of my life and be very impactful. What more could a book possibly offer?!
On the other hand, this book has hardly any focus. I like to think of myself as pretty intelligent -- and I usually get bored quickly -- but even by my standards, Nassim changes topics too quickly. He will cover some theory, like the Law of Large Numbers, as a one sentence commentary in a small anecdote.
I've found Nassim to be most helpful in introducing me to new thinkers and ideas, rather than actually explaining his ideas fully.
I really liked The Black Swan, because in that book, Nassim really set out to make a point, and the entire book mostly revolved around making that point. And it did.
His other books have mostly been a collection of interesting thoughts. It's kind of like listening to someone continuously digress without actually making a point.
Still, this man is brilliant, and I haven't yet stopped picking up insights from him. I'll definitely be reading more.
Rating his work is difficult. On one hand, I took away a few things from this book that I think will stay with me for the rest of my life and be very impactful. What more could a book possibly offer?!
On the other hand, this book has hardly any focus. I like to think of myself as pretty intelligent -- and I usually get bored quickly -- but even by my standards, Nassim changes topics too quickly. He will cover some theory, like the Law of Large Numbers, as a one sentence commentary in a small anecdote.
I've found Nassim to be most helpful in introducing me to new thinkers and ideas, rather than actually explaining his ideas fully.
I really liked The Black Swan, because in that book, Nassim really set out to make a point, and the entire book mostly revolved around making that point. And it did.
His other books have mostly been a collection of interesting thoughts. It's kind of like listening to someone continuously digress without actually making a point.
Still, this man is brilliant, and I haven't yet stopped picking up insights from him. I'll definitely be reading more.
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