A tour through the groundbreaking science behind the enigmatic, but crucial, brain developments of adolescence and how those translate into teenage behavior The brain creates every feeling, emotion, and desire we experience, and stores every one of our memories. And yet, until very recently, scientists believed our brains were fully developed from childhood on. Now, thanks to imaging technology that enables us to look inside the living human brain at all ages, we know that this isn't so. Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, one of the world's leading researchers into adolescent neurology, explains precisely what is going on in the complex and fascinating brains of teenagers--namely that the brain goes on developing and changing right through adolescence--with profound implications for the adults these young people will become. Drawing from cutting-edge research, including her own, Blakemore shows:
How an adolescent brain differs from those of children and adults Why problem-free kids can turn into challenging teens What drives the excessive risk-taking and all-consuming relationships common among teenagers And why many mental illnesses--depression, addiction, schizophrenia--present during these formative years Blakemore's discoveries have transformed our understanding of the teenage mind, with consequences for law, education policy and practice, and, most of all, parents.
This award winning book is written by a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the UCL who specialises in the developing brain of adolescence (defined as the period from the onset of puberty through to when an individual takes a stable, independent role in society).
She, along with other researchers, have taken advantage of the use of MRI scans to understand how the brain develops during adolescence (and how it is different to the child and adult brain) as well as looking at a number of small scale social study experiments (similar to those used in lots of Behavioural Economics studies) to identify different behaviours in adolescents in well understood tests and experiments (one example would be the delayed gratification Marshmallow test). Further in some cases these two ideas have been combined in functional MRI scans � looking at brain activity while completing tasks or experiments. In the book these studies are the tentative conclusions with them are discussed in extensive detail, alongside descriptions of the brain, its structure and what we understand of its functioning.
The fundamental finding of the studies is that, contrary to beliefs a number of years ago, crucial regions of the human brain continue to develop during adolescence, and in fact that this period is critical to the development of the functioning adult brain (something which is likely connected with most mental illnesses first developing at this stage � albeit the connections are not currently clear).
In particular the pre-frontal cortex (responsible for such areas as self-awareness, social interaction, suppression of inappropriate impulse and risk taking, ability to take into account other people’s perspective) is developing significantly over this period � with significant levels of synaptic pruning. Another area that changed during this period is the limbic system � which controls emotion and reward processing, with teenagers particularly sensitive to the rewards of risk taking (at the same time that the pre-frontal cortex’s ability to rationally suppress undue risk is still not fully developed, but the need for peer approval is at its strongest).
Risk taking is much more common for adolescents when with their peers due to this developmental mismatch between different areas of the brain. Interestingly for me the author points out that this is corroborated by motor insurance data when young drivers frequency of claims are higher when they have passengers in their cars (which as an aside, not pointed out by the author, also leads to a greater severity of claims due to third party bodily injury claims from passengers, as well as in catastrophic cases the potential for huge future care or loss of earnings claims). I have seen elsewhere that the author tentatively supports ideas to ban young drivers from carrying passengers of a similar age.
The book’s strength is simultaneously its weakness.
Professor Blakemore resists strongly the temptation to draw overly certain conclusions and specifically in a penultimate chapter cautions against much of the popular science which likes to produce headline results around neuroscience and translate them into easy to apply ideas for education or brain training. She points out here, but also regularly in discussing the work of her own lab (and others with which she collaborates) the limitations of much of the current research: many results have not been independently replicated; the relatively recent innovation of MRI scanning means that there is an absence of longitudinal studies; the cost of MRI scans leads to issues of statistical validity - sample sizes are typically very small and there is very limited opportunity to look for factor interactions; these issues plus ethical ones make randomized control trials (let alone blind or double-blind ones) difficult.
But of course the very scientific honest and transparency of these limitations, mean that Professor Blakemore does not supply a list of ready conclusions or recommendations for parents (or teachers) of adolescents. Her overwhelming conclusion here I believe is that adolescence is a vital part of brain development � and that most (if not all) of the behaviours we see (and often castigate) as typical teenage ones are crucial to this development and should be respected for what they are, while channeled as much as possible.
So overall an interesting book � albeit I think much of the sense of it could, for a lay reader, be gained by articles by the author or her excellent TED talk
Whenever I finish a great non-fiction book, I realise too late that I should have been taking notes while reading it. Otherwise, when I reach the end, I feel like starting it all over again. This is exactly what happened with “Inventing ourselves. The secret life of the teenage brain�, that I finished a few days ago but did not write anything about at the time. So here it goes, now.
The book came very well recommended by its owner, so the beginning felt a bit disappointing. What I already knew about the anatomy of the brain and the transmission of signals between nervous cells, made the first pages sound a bit uninteresting, although I understand the need to include it as an introduction to what comes next, so that it becomes accessible to all kinds of readers. But this feeling soon vanished as the author starts summarising the results of past and (mainly) current research about the human brain.
As I said, I regret not having taken notes, so what follows is just a short list of a few ideas that I found especially interesting and have stuck with me:
- adolescent-typical behaviour is present across human cultures and across species. One of the earliest descriptions of adolescents comes from Socrates (469-399 BC): “The children now love luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for elders and love chatter in place of exercise.� - adolescence covers a larger period than what we traditionally identify as such, extending well into the 20ies. - It is during adolescence that our sense of self becomes particularly important to us. The term “imaginary audience�, coined in the 1960ies by a famous psychologist describes the phenomenon whereby adolescents imagine that other people are constantly observing and evaluating them, even if this is not the case. - There is a lot of evidence that suggests that in adolescence the limbic system is particularly sensitive to rewards that are obtained as a result of risk-taking, while the development of pre-frontal regions of the brain involved in self-control is relatively slow. - These are some of the reasons why most campaigns directed at teenagers (e.g. anti-smoking, anti-alcohol, etc.) are not effective, as they usually focus on the long-term health risks, which adolescents perfectly understand, but are not as important to them as more immediate and non-healh related consequences, particularly those related with the effects on other people. - several studies highlight the importance of late adolescence for education and suggest that it might be more efficient to wait until late adolescence to learn certain types of cognitive skill. This calls into question the claim made by some education policy-makers that entry tests for selective schools that include non-verbal reasoning assess the true potential of every child, which is fixed and possibly innate � on the contrary, this is a skill that can be trained and improved!
I could go on and on, but it would get boring, because my writing talent is quite limited and I am just extracting bits and pieces from a whole, therefore losing context. The book is filled with interesting examples and it is very well written: the language is simple and very accessible, without losing in detail and accuracy. The author is very careful to explain how each test or experiment has been undertaken and how the results should be interpreted, without jumping to incorrect generalisations. I would recommend it to everyone who deals with teenagers: parents, grandparents, teachers, etc.
This was not really the book I was hoping it would be. Should my thoughts rest on my expectations rather than being fair about the author's intentions? I'm not sure. I love science, and this is a very scientific book, but it's largely a biology book, and I bought it hoping for much more application and psychology. In other words, I was looking less for how my children's brains functioned, and less of lengthy descriptions of the studies that demonstrate biological traits, and much more on how to walk my children through the day to day realities of how and why they think the way they do. To be sure, some of this was present in the book, but far, far too little, and when the psychological aspects were explored, they were explored with very little detail. There were a few helpful points, which can be summarized quite quickly:
1. Adolescence is the primary period where people are developing a sense of self-identity. 2. Embarrassment is a motivating factor in how teens make decisions. 3. Social inclusion is a key factor in decision making, risk taking, and self-assessment. 4. Synapses that are not used at a young age are pruned away, which limits our ability to develop certain skills. 5. Despite #4, we now know that the brain continues to develop later in life than initially thought, so if your teens are struggling, it's never too late. 6. Practicing tasks changes the structure of the brain. 7. It is important for teens to learn self-control. 8. The majority of mental illnesses begin in the teen years. 9. Appropriate risk-taking is important. Teens learn by trial and error. 10. A teen's environment is important for brain development. 11. Teens should not be going to school until about 10am. 12. The jury is still out regarding the effect of screen time on kids and teens. 13. The teen years are a time of heightened creativity.
That's it. Those are my takeaways, and some of them were already self-evident to me. It was a helpful read, but about 70% of this book dealt with the biological aspects of the brain, rather than actually helping teens function well. It's not a bad book, but not the book I wanted.
Informative book! Neuroscientist Sarah-Jayne Blakemore delves into the physiological reasons for the common habits and risk-taking behaviors of our teenage children. Clearly, adolescents are in a transformative period. The brain of the adolescent is, in fact, not yet the same as the brain of an adult, which helps to explain some of their social behaviors and inability to properly evaluate risk and repercussions. This book offers an insightful view on how and why we can expect certain behaviors from middle-schoolers and high-schoolers. This is a great read for parents, teachers and those who work with children. I received an advanced reader copy provided to me by the publisher through NetGalley, which did not affect my rating. I have provided an unbiased and honest review.
Inventing Ourselves: The Secret Life of the Teenage Brain is summery of the up to date scientific research on teenage brain development. In my opinion, it's far better than .
You probably remember how your parents embarrassed you when you were a teen. Well, that's normal, teenagers have a strong sense of embarrassment. Don't take it personally next time your kids think you are an embarrassment even though you haven't done anything out of ordinary.
Adolescents are associated with risk seeking behaviors. However, it's not because they don't understand risks or they think they are invincible. Instead, they take risks when they are with their peers. The peer appearance (not necessarily pressure), including the perceived peer appearance, is enough to make adolescents take more risks. The fear of being socially excluded plays a great part in adolescents' decision making.
Parents, your influence will dwindle when your kids reach adolescent.
The ability to inhibit automatic responses, especially in a hot context (with emotional arousal), is still developing among adolescents. Compare to adults (over 25), it's more difficult for adolescents to avoid punishment, but they are also more sensitive to rewards. Therefore, using reward instead of punishment works better in adolescent education, both at home and in school.
The imbalanced development of different brain systems during adolescence, i.e. the limbic system develops before the prefrontal cortex therefore adolescents have less impulse control, is partially verified by scientific researches. However, one research found only 15% participants show significant imbalance. The level of individual differences is high. Pray your kid will be more even-headed than his/her peers.
Researches have found the correlation between heavy cannabis smoking among adolescents and the onset of schizophrenia, and it's either the former causes the later or both are caused by a third, unknown factor.
The very nerve centre of the human body is the brain. Its input is our senses, the memory helps us to learn from mistakes and controls the reactions that are needed. For hundreds of years, the brain has been a mystery to all that studied it, but only in the past few decades have we begun to scratch the surface of its capabilities. Even that is unravelling; those that thought as puberty begun, the human brain was developed have been proved wrong. The brain continues to change and adapt all through the teenage years and into adulthood.
In this excellent book on why the teenage brain is different, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, professor in cognitive neuroscience at University College London takes us into the untidy spaces within their heads to share the latest details of what is going on. From her experiments that her team have in researching the brain we will learn about why they take risks, why some friendships can be so intense, why some behave badly and others won't talk. This time of our lives is when we can enormously creative and also destructive, a lot of mental health issues raise their head for the first time ever in teenagers.
As the father of two teenage daughters and one almost teenage son, there are a lot of things that I can relate to that she talks about in here. The brain is at a critical point in its development in teenage years and is susceptible to all sort of external stresses. Some of these can be positive, but there are a lot that have negative implications. Like all good science books it makes you think and even though this is about our most complex organ, the prose sparkles with energy and is written with clarity. Well worth reading and a worthy winner of the Royal Science Award.
This is a very informative non fiction novel on the adolescent brain. However it is academic in tone and it discusses and references an exhaustive list of clinical studies and trials which makes the reading experience a trifle tedious. Listening to this on audiobook also was difficult as at points I got distracted and lost the thread. Overall an interesting book that is up to date on research and had some fascinating truths to express around adolescent and adult brains and brain development.
Inventing Ourselves by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore is an excellent basic neuroscience primer for people with a little exposure to topic. On the surface it may seem a little daunting due to the amount of research that is cited for the lay person but Blakemore makes the information accessible to anyone that is interested in the subject by not over using neuroscience jargon and clearly defining all terms that are needed.
The book gives you a good overall view of the subject by devoting its first few chapters to providing a basic background on the psychosocial and developmental issues that adolescents face. The next few chapters detail some of the different structures in the brain, what those structures do, tools used to examine the living brain (MRI, fMRI, PET Scan), the differences between the brains of children, adolescents, and adults and the implications of those differences. The lasts chapters delve into more implications of the developing brain and rates of development, what can happen when things go wrong, research, and implications and possible interpretations of that research. A few of the topics I found most interesting :
1) How individuals vary on the rate at which different structures in the brain develop and what the implications those different rates may have not only on risk taking behavior of the individual but what that may mean for the individual when they are an adult. (prefrontal cortex rate of development compared to the rate of development of the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens) 2) The type of marketing and messages that teenagers are more likely to respond to based on the fact that they are less impacted by fear of adverse consequences than adults. 3) The research on how brains develop differently in people with different mental conditions like schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, etc. 4) The effects of sleep deprivation on teenager’s brains. 5) Possible improvements that could be made to our educational system based on their specific developmental needs.
In short, this book is an excellent resource for parents frantically trying to understand their children, educators, other professions that deal with teenagers, or to those interested in neuroscience. The author is very knowledgeable and takes a compassionate view of people going through the formative period of life.
I received a DIGITAL Advance Reader Copy of this book from #NetGalley in exchange for an honest review.
There was so much to enjoy in this book because it was easy to read and understand- it seems like Blakemore truly wants people to understand that adolescence is a unique time for brain functionality and development by giving examples that illustrate her point.
While plenty of the experiments were done by her and colleagues, she references plenty of others and shares that there is just so much more to learn and know. For the most part, they blend in well with her narrative and demonstrate her point without overwhelming readers and losing the overall message of patience and science in knowing teenagers. Yes she’s English but references Western culture in general while taking into consideration culture and language from across the world.
I Post-ited quite a bit with tidbits of new knowledge but it also continues to remind me as a high school educator how we should teach and respond to teens during this developmental stage. And it threw me back plenty of times to think of my own teenaged self and that was welcomed.
(The English review is placed beneath Russian one)
Довольно неплохая, относительно узконаправленная книга по психологии, затрагивающая главным образом подростковую психологию. Особо я бы отметил тему «подростки и их социальное окружение», т.к. эта тема, лично для меня, оказалась новой и интересной, т.е. я ещё не встречал ту информацию, что была использована автором. Можно сказать, что это главная причина высокой оценки. Что же касается причин, по которым я не поставил книге высший бал, то они довольно простые: сложность текста (местами) и расфокусированность. Вечные причины моего неудовольствия к большинству книг. Во-первых, в тех моментах, где автор начинает углубляться в физическое строение мозга, текст довольно сложный, т.е. как в привычных академических учебниках по психологии. Тут уже трудно переваривать информацию, в особенности, если это аудиокнига. И вдвойне это справедливо, если текст написан не на родном для тебя языке. Так что местами книга по-настоящему тяжела. Во-вторых, автор часто отклоняется от основной темы. Например, когда пишет о психических болезнях типа шизофрении или о детской психологии или о работе мозга в целом. Лично я не нашёл чёткой связи между серьёзными расстройствами и подростковой психологии. Мне кажется, эту тему не стоило включать в книгу, даже несмотря на то, что ей посвящается крайне небольшое количество текста, ибо всё равно это сбивает с главной темы. Что же касается детской психологии, которой автор уделяет довольно много внимания, то тут может возникнуть возражение, что мол, детская психология, она как бы и не очень далека от подростковой и возможно даже, крепко с ней связана и именно поэтому невозможно обойтись без её включения. Возможно. Но я всё же не соглашусь с данным утверждением. Всё же все эти истории, эксперименты с зефиром и пр., не кажутся мне такими обязательными при объяснении подростковой психологии. Что же касается более отдалённых тем, что были включены автором - о важности и умения считывать информацию (эмоции) с человеческого лица, а также та стадия, на которой начинается понимание или осознание, что у другого человека есть собственные мысли и собственные желания - то мне не видятся они сильно связанными с темой подростковой психологии. Либо я не подметил строгую связь одной темы с другой (подростковой психологией). Ну, и, разумеется, тема работы мозга как таковая, тем более не кажется мне уместной в данной книге. Т.е. когда автор пишет о том, что определённые отделы мозга напрямую связаны со способностью запоминать (долговременная и кратковременная память), способность сохранять хладнокровие (держать себя в руках, не быть чрезмерно вспыльчивым), распознавать лица и так далее. Всё же эта тема хоть и важна, однако она появляется чуть ли не в каждой третьей книге по психологии. Или, возможно, у автора не очень удачно получилось сжато передать её, если автор считает это так необходимым для полного понимания подростковой психологии. Несмотря на то, что я уделил много внимания отрицательным моментам, книга, тем не менее, оставляет в целом положительные впечатления. В особенности книга понравится тем, кто редко читает что-то из разряда «психология», т.к. главной особенностью книги является огромное количество различных экспериментов, которые описывает автор. Т.е. это настоящая научная работа по подростковой психологии, где каждое утверждение сопровождается несколькими экспериментами. А также имеет довольно подробный анализ подростковой психологии, включая даже такие темы как воздействие алкоголя, видео игр, марихуаны и пр. на подростков. Также интересным представляется ситуация более рискованного поведения подростков по сравнению с взрослыми. А так же почему бессмысленно или малоэффективно пугать подростков долгосрочными последствиями вредных привычек. В общем, книга стоящая. А что касается главной мысли или темы, которая содержится в книге, о которой я упоминал в самом начале, то это огромное влияние друзей (а также и других групп) на поведение подростков. Автор приводит фантастические подробности того, что подростки крайне зависимы от мнений других людей в этот период (что о них подумают другие). И что, поняв этот факт, мы поймём если не все их поступки, то большую часть. Именно эта тема в книге мне показалась самой интересной и важной для понимания психологии подростков.
Pretty good, relatively narrowly focused book on psychology, mainly covering adolescent psychology. I would particularly note the theme "adolescents and their social environment", because this topic, personally for me, turned out to be new and interesting, i.e. I have not yet met the information that was used by the author. It can be said that this is the main reason for high evaluation. As for the reasons why I did not give the book the highest score, they are quite simple: the complexity of the text (in some places) and defocused. Permanent reasons for my dissatisfaction with most books. Firstly, in those moments where the author starts to go deep into the physical structure of the brain, the text is quite complex, i.e., as in the usual academic textbooks on psychology. It is difficult to digest information, especially if it is an audiobook. And it is doubly true if the text is not written in your native language. So sometimes the book is really heavy. Secondly, the author often deviates from the main topic. For example, when she writes about mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or child psychology or the work of the brain in general. Personally, I have not found a clear link between serious disorders and adolescent psychology. I think this topic should not have been included in the book, even though very little text is dedicated to it, it is nevertheless confusing to the main topic. As for child psychology, to which the author pays quite a lot of attention, there may be an objection that child psychology, it is as if not very far from teenage and perhaps even strongly connected with it and that is why it is impossible to do without its inclusion. Perhaps. But I still will not agree with this statement. All these stories, experiments with marshmallows, etc., do not seem so necessary to me when explaining adolescent psychology. As for the more distant ones that were included by the author - about the importance and ability to read information (emotions) from a human face, as well as the stage at which understanding or realization that another person has his or her own thoughts and own desires begins - I do not see them strongly connected with the topic of adolescent psychology. Or I have not noticed the connection between one topic and another (adolescent psychology). And, of course, the subject of brain functioning as such, which I don't think is even more relevant in this book. That is, when the author writes that certain parts of the brain are directly related to the ability to remember (long-term and short-term memory), the ability to keep calm, to recognize faces, and so on. Despite the fact that this topic is important, it appears in almost every third book on psychology. Or perhaps the author was not very successful in conveying it concisely if the author considers it so necessary for a full understanding of adolescent psychology. Despite the fact that I have paid much attention to negative points, the book, nevertheless, leaves generally positive impressions. In particular, the book will be appreciated by those who rarely read something from the category of "psychology", because the main feature of the book is the huge number of different experiments described by the author. That is, it is a real scientific work on adolescent psychology, where each statement is accompanied by several experiments. It also has a fairly detailed analysis of adolescent psychology, including even topics such as the effects of alcohol, video games, marijuana, etc. on adolescents. The situation of more risky behavior of teenagers compared to adults is also interesting. Why is it pointless or ineffective to frighten teenagers with the long-term consequences of bad habits? In general, the book is good. And as for the main idea or theme of the book, which I mentioned at the beginning, it is a huge influence of friends (as well as other groups) on the behavior of adolescents. The author gives fantastic details of the fact that adolescents are extremely dependent on the opinions of others during this period (what others will think of them). And that by understanding this fact, we will understand, if not all their actions, then most of them. This topic in the book seemed to me the most interesting and important for understanding the psychology of adolescents.
This is a really great book. An extremely clear and informative summary of research about the teenage brain, as well as insightful discussion into some of the limitations of our current understanding. Even if you have very little prior knowledge of psychological research this book is very accessible. I would highly recommend to anyone interested in understanding more about the teenage brain - parents, educational professionals or students. Although be aware that it is more focused on the research and showing how the teenage brain develops, rather than what this can actually mean for teachers/parents in terms of how this understanding can be applied to support teenagers.
Teenage brain is not fully developed yet. That was the main message, I thought. It’s not just the hormones - the usual cliché often mentioned when talking about teens - but there’s much much more going on. Neuroscience is fascinating but I struggled a bit to finish this.
I got a bit bogged down in the names & abbreviations for the parts of the brain (as well as the details about how each study was carried out), but there are some helpful bits for thinking about how to deal with adolescents more empathetically and why we should do so. That brain is still changing and growing! (Actually, it never totally stops growing! Cool.)
Mărturisesc: Blakemore nu este scriitoare și se simte la citit. Adaug un amănunt esențial: ceea ce spune este suficient de interesant pentru a nu conta cum o face. Avertisment: nu vă imaginați că găsiți aici soluția problemelor voastre cu adolescenții din preajmă, acesta nu este un manual de utilizare al lor și nici un ghid de comportament în timpul conflictelor. Ori al dezastrelor. Ce este atunci? Este un curs pentru adulții care nu au înțeles cu cine sau cu ce au de-a face atunci când copii fac tranziția spre maturitate. Este o călătorie prin mintea lor minunată care este exact cum a fost și a noastră atunci când aveam vârsta lor. Adolescenții fac ce au de făcut. Evoluția, mediul și instinctele își urmează cursul, ele toate au programat creierul și l-au adus în forma care este acum, iar el va face din broaștele noastre râioase de azi, prinții și prințesele de mâine. Pentru că adevărul este unul singur: nu putem face decât să-i înțelegem mai bine. Dar să înțelegi este deja mult, pentru că înțelegerea aduce confort și control.
� Mai răi ca ai noștri, nu-s!
Mereu declarăm că generația actuală de adolescenți este una cum nu s-a mai văzut. În orice timp adulții i-au văzut pe tinerii vremii lor, exagerați, de neînțeles, revoltători, incompatibili cu filosofia lor de viață. Să recapitulăm, așadar. Socrate (469-399 î.H.) ”Copiilor din ziua de azi le place luxul. Nu știu să se poarte și disprețuiesc autoritatea, nu-i respectă pe bătrâni și le place la nebunie să stea la povești în loc să lucreze.� O sută de ani mai târziu Aristotel îi descria pe adolescenți așa: “lipsiți de autocontrol în ceea ce privește sexul, capricioși, pasionali și impulsivi�. În 1611 păstorul din piesa lui Shakespeare, Poveste de iarnă, se plânge de tineri in actul 3: ”Ar fi bine ca vârsta oamenilor între 10 și 23 de ani să nu existe, sau ca tinerii să o doarmă, fiindcă nu fac altceva decât să lase fetele însărcinate, să hărțuiască bătrânii, să fure și să se bată�. Iată deci, un portret al adolescentului. Pare destul de cunoscut și destul de actual.
Am fost și noi adolescenți! Copiii noștri ar spune că nu se vede.
Un lucru pe care nu-l remarcă Blakemore și pe care îl subliniez eu, este următorul. Nu este oare ciudat că, deși nu există pe lume adult care să nu fi fost la rândul lui adolescent, ne trezim într-o bună zi părinți și pare că n-am fost vreodată ca și ei? Altfel cum de nu mai știm să ne înțelegem copiii? Cum de, iată, este necesară o carte care să ne învețe cum să-i privim mai obiectiv și mai conștienți de felul în care funcționează? De parcă acea perioadă din viața noastră, când eram asemeni lor, a dispărut fără urmă, împreună cu varianta îmbufnată, plină de revoltă, înstrăinare și acnee a persoanei noastre. Deși am fost noi, tot noi, căci nu simțim niciodată vreo rupere în linia creșterii noastre, adolescentul din noi se naște și aproape dispare fără să spună bun găsit sau la revedere, într-un fel pe cât de turbulent pe atât de natural. Natural, pentru că adolescența nu e doar a oamenilor, ea e și a altor specii. Tocmai pentru că există și la alte specii această perioadă caracterizată prin trăsături bine definite, confirmă teoria care demonstrează că adolescența chiar există, ea nu este o fantasmagorie inventată de societatea modernă pentru a justifica un comportament ciudat al odraslelor noastre. Dar să o luăm cu începutul.
Ce este adolescența și care este intervalul în are ești denumit adolescent?
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore ne liniștește încă de la început. “Adolescența nu este o aberație, este o etapă esențială în dezvoltarea noastră individuală și socială. Comportamentul adolescenților mi se pare fascinant, dar nu pentru că este irațional și inexplicabil, ci dintr-un motiv cu totul diferit: el ne oferă șansa să descoperim în ce mod schimbările naturale ale fiziologiei creierului nostru se reflectă în ceea ce facem și determină cum vom fi ca adulți.� În adolescență au loc schimbări la nivel cerebral care, lor, adolescenților, “le va defini personalitatea. Aceasta este perioada în care se stabilesc bazele identității personale�. “Se știe că adolescența este o perioadă formativă, de lungă durată, în timpul căreia simțul identitar trece printr-o transformare profundă. Dezvoltarea identității este una dintre bornele adolescenței�. E o treabă grea, nu credeți? Un adolescent are sarcina să se inventeze, să construiască pe temelia copilăriei persoana care va deveni. Acest proces le va acapara toată atenția și toate resursele, motiv pentru care vor fi foarte deconectați de familie și de tot ce ține de copilărie, perioadă cu care nu doresc deloc să se identifice, ci dimpotrivă se vor separați distinct de ea. Organizația Mondială a Sănătății definește adolescența ca fiind a doua decadă a vieții, lucru care ne îndreaptă atenția înspre perioada peste care se întinde adolescența. Dar cercetătorii susțin ca adolescența nu trebuie corelată cu vârsta. Mai degrabă are punct de plecare instalarea pubertății și punct de încheiere “momentul în care individul dobândește un rol stabil, independent în societate.� Asta înseamnă că adolescența poate fi chiar mai lungă decât suntem unii pregătiți să auzim.
Asumarea riscului. Conștiința de sine. Influența grupului.
Citind cartea avem șanse să înțelegem de ce un adolescent nu va consuma alcool, de pildă, daca este singur, dar este foarte posibil să accepte atunci cand este cu grupul de prieteni chiar dacă înțelege pe deplin riscul și de ce este mult mai important ce cred prietenii decat ce spun părinții. S-a facut un experiment în care s-a investigat în ce măsură sunt afectați adolescenții de excluziunea socială. Studiul a inclus și copii și adulți și adolescenți. Ei au fost implicați într-un joc în care au fost izolați prin faptul că nimeni nu le-a pasat mingea, desi jocul se derula între toți ceilalți participanți. Anxietatea a crescut la toate categoriile de vârstă, dar la subiecții între 11-16 ani a fost mult mai pronunțată. Adolescenții sunt hipersensibili la excluziunea socială. Asta pentru că integrarea socială este extrem de importantă. Nu este etic, este practic de neacceptat să se facă un studiu în care subiecți umani să fie excluși social timp îndelungat. Dar un asemenea studiu s-a făcut pe șoareci aflați în perioada adolescentă. Efectul asupra lor a fost semnificativ, s-a observat la ei o structură cerebrală diferită, nivel de testosteron scazut, un comportament sexual anormal la vîrsta adultă. Au devenit mult mai anxioși decât ceilalți și au interacționat mai puțin. Există efecte similare la oameni? S-a observant ca tinerii care provin din medii sociale instabile precum cei din centrele de plasament, de pildă, au o condiție fizică si psihică mai rea decât ceilalți. Asta ne face să înțelegem și să vedem în altă lumină anumite comportamente ale lor. Nevoia lor de a fi acceptați primește o motivație și chiar dacă nu suntem de acord cu acțiunile lor, măcar știm că există o cauză care determină un anume comportament. Extrem de interesante sunt observațiile despre cum se dezvoltă conceptul de sine si cum sinele identitar devine extrem de important în adolescență. “Simțul sinelui care se naște din gândurile pe care le avem despre felul în care suntem percepuți de ceilalți este numit uneori sinele din oglindă� iar acesta “începe să joace un rol mai important în dezvoltarea identității în adolescență, iar tinerii devin tot mai constienți și mai preocupați de opiniile celorlalți�. Adolescenții au nevoie de aprecierea anturajului pentru a-și construi și a-și valida imaginea despre sine. Înțelegem, din această perspectivă, de ce fac atât de multe lucruri contrare cu logica noastră în încercarea lor de a se inventa și a declara cine sunt. Tot ce ține de imaginea lor este un discurs, un manifest. Afișul de pe perete, tricoul inscripționat, părul, cartea pe care o disprețuiesc sau muzica pe care o ascultă, toate sunt lucruri prin care declară în fața prietenilor cine sunt. Bineînțeles că știam toate acestea, dar dacă înțelegem ce se întâmplă si la nivelul creierului, o sa fie mai simplu să acceptăm comportamentul adolescentin. “Gândul că cineva te observă era asociat cu o activitate cerebrală mai crescută la nivelul cortexului medial prefrontal în cazul adolescenților. Aceasta este o regiune-cheie a creierului social � o rețea cerebrală cu rol în înțelegerea altor oameni � care se activează când ne gândim la propria pesoană. Aceste efecte fiziologice de la nivelul creierului, dar și de la nivelul corpului, sugerează că atunci când crezi că ești observat sau anticipezi că vei fi observat de cineva din grupul de covârstnici te face conștient de propria persoană, iar aceste efecte sunt mai pronunțate la adolescenți decât la alte grupe de vârstă.� Simțul nostru identitar evoluează toată viața. Un fenomen asociat lui este introspecția sau metacogniția, adică examinarea propriilor emoții. Abilitatea introspectivă însă, crește de-a lungul adolescenței, pe când la vârstă adultă este constantă, nu se mai dezvoltă. Un adolescent întrebat de pildă despre o intenție personală își va activa mult mai pronunțat cortexul prefrontal medial spre deosebire de adult care activează o altă regiune a creierului social. ”Cu alte cuvinte, odată cu vârsta se schimbă modul în care oamenii se gândesc la propriul sine, iar asta se reflectă într-un pattern diferit de activitate cerebrală. Adolescenții, se pare, se gândesc la propriul sine într-un mod mai conștient�. Nu greșim, așadar, când îi vedem pe copiii noștrii, egoiști și vanitoși, preocupați doar de ei și de imaginea lor, părând să ignore orice altceva, orice nu face parte din lumea intreselor lor, ignorându-ne chiar și pe noi, cu toate bunele noastre intenții.
În ce fel putem înțelege creierul?
Până la apariția rezonanței magnetice creierul a fost studiat doar după deces. Această abordare, studiul propriu-zis al materiei din care este făcut creierul uman a adus multă cunoaștere. Însă privirea înspre unui creier viu, a fost pentru neuroștiințe ceva asemănător cu ieșirea din Evul Mediu a umanității. Scanarea funcțională, putința de a observa un creier cu activitatea lui neuronală, observarea lui chiar în timp ce creierul subiectului își trimite impulsurile electrice prin sinapse, a deschis drumul înspre o altă cunoaștere. Dar, deși calea spre creier s-a deschis, limbajul unui asemenea organ este dificil datorită imensei lui complexități. Suntem precum niște cercetători care au descoperit un incredibil telescop prin care privesc universul. Dar asta nu înseamnă că-l și înțelegem de la un capăt la altul. Pentru a ajunge la niște concluzii în genul acesta de cercetare este necesar un număr impresionant de teste pe grupuri mari de persoane și corelarea datelor din prezent și din trecut. Pentru ca studiile să aibă relevanță este necesară o cercetare longitudinală si nu una transversală, adică este necesar ca studiul să înceapă cu persoane aflate la vârsta copilăriei, și care, până la vârsta maturității să treacă periodic prin scanări cerebrale și teste specifice. Astfel, comparând sute de teste, comparând asemănările și diferențele, echipele de cercetare trag concluzii și încearcă să surprindă ceea ce este suficient de majoritar pentru a constitui baza unei reguli. Asemenea studii sunt puține, foarte costisitoare și necesită ani de zile pentru a-și arăta roadele. Dacă nu s-a luat din start în considerare urmărirea unui anume răspuns, trebuie generat un alt eșantion de persoane și început încă odată. Răspunsul pe care-l urmărește această carte, nu este nici complet, nici definitiv și nici exact. ”Există multe întrebări fără răspuns și multe cercetări de făcut, dar, ținând cont de studiile din ultimii 20 de ani, putem fi siguri de un lucru � creierul adolescenților este diferit de cel al copiilor și adulților și nu este static, ci trece printr-un proces de dezvoltare.� De asemenea, este evident că dezvoltarea creierului este influențată de o mulțime de factori. Cum se dezvoltă creierul unui adolescent care trăiește în zona unui conflict armat, sau într-o familie abuzivă? Care sunt diferențele care decurg din cultura și genul de societate din care provine? Cele mai multe studii au ca subiecți copii care provin din Statele Unite și Europa, țări occidentale cu tipare similare, pe când culturile minoritare lipsesc. Și, în fine, care sunt răspunsurile la întrebările momentului. Adică, în ce fel este influențat creierul unui adolescent care petrece ore în șir jucându-se pe calculator, navigând pe internet sau relaționând pe rețelele de socializare? Se modifică creierul lor după și în ce fel? La fel, care este influența pe care o aduce consumul de alcool, sau de droguri, sau de țigări? Este facil să compari un creier de consumator cu unul de abstinent, dar asta nu ajută studiul decât până la un punct, pentru că este un studiu transversal. Diferența găsită este datorată consumului sau, dimpotrivă, datorită unei diferenței deja existente apare consumul? Asta presupune observarea creierului înainte de a apărea factorul cu potențial perturbator, pentru a stabili că nu există din start o diferență. Însă un copil nu poate fi drogat intenționat, așa cum nu poate fi izolat. Așa că nu există altă variantă decât aceea de a include un număr foarte mare de subiecți, din toate categoriile, inclusiv a celor care dețin un bagaj ereditar favorizant precum și a unora care nu sunt predispuși prin nimic, nici prin moștenire genetică sau mediu social incert. Pentru a-și face înțeleasă munca, autoarea expune în carte foarte multe lucruri generale despre creier, tocmai pentru a creiona un reper, o bornă a normalului general acceptat și recunosc că, poate și datorită ignoranței mele față de subiect, această parte mi s-a părut extrem de interesantă. Dar încet, încet se ajunge la concluzia că nu există de fapt un adolescent mediu și că dezvoltarea cerebrală diferă destul de mult de la om la om. Plasarea în medie, între niște parametri, nu este întotdeauna relevantă și nu definește cu adevărat, nimic.
Ce este și cum este un creier?
De fapt n-am să răspund la aceste întrebări aici, dar vă asigur că autoarea dă răspunsurile în carte și multe dintre ele sunt fascinante. Dar nu mă pot abține să nu fac auzite câteva din informațiile care m-au impresionat. Nu există carte care să abordeze creierul uman și care să nu ne surprindă prin ceea ce dezvăluie. Creierul nostru are complexitatea unui univers și asta nu doar metaforic. Mi s-a părut foarte sugestiv ce a gândit Blakemore la prima ei întâlnire cu un creier într-o sală de disecție. Ținându-l în mâini “m-a uluit gândul că materia din care era alcătuit acest obiect era sinonimă cu persoana care îl deținea. Țineam în mâinile mele o persoană. În cursul unei vieți, acest creier fără trup a înregistrat toate amintirile acelei persoane, i-a generat emoțiile, sentimentele și dorințele și a produs o personalitate proprie, aspirațiile și visurile sale. Toate acestea sunt expresia creierului nostru. Asta am ținut eu în mână atunci�. Deci un creier este o persoană? Acceptând reducția la care recurge, este în mare parte un adevăr cu care mă împac. Este creierul un univers? Dacă numărul de neuroni este de 86 de miliarde de neuroni, ar putea fi măcar similar cu o galaxie, nu? Dar dacă dendritele și axonii neuronilor generează sinapse care sunt în număr de un milion de miliarde in creierul unui adult? Ar putea fi un univers miniatural. Ceea ce a fost incredibil să aflu a fost faptul că un copil are mult mai multe sinapse decât un adult dar că undeva la începutul adolescenței creierul renunță la o parte dintre ele, în special la cele care nu sunt folosite, pentru a-și putea eficientiza funcționarea. Așadar cu cât este mai stimulat și mai folosit un creier, cu atât mai multe sinapse va considera necesare. Ceea ce dezvăluie autoarea despre cum funcționează creierul adolescenților și despre concluziile studiilor sale este extrem de interesant. Creierul lor se schimbă printr-un proces complex și încă nu pe deplin înțeles. Fiziologic, creierul adolescenților funcționează pur și simplu diferit față de creierul unui adult. El folosește circuite neuronale diferite și accesează zone ale creierului pe care adultul nu le folosește când face același lucru. La fel ni s-a întâmplat și nouă în același interval de vârstă. Cartea mai elimină niște mituri despre creier și aduce informație nouă, cel puțin pentru un om ca mine, neavizat și neinteresat în mod direct de acest domeniu. Cu siguranță voi avea mai multă înțelegere față de adolescentul din casa noastră după parcurgerea ei. Rămân cu bucuria de a fi citit o carte care mă ajută în relația cu propiul copil și cu veșnica mea nedumerire legată de creierul uman � cum se poate ca o structură atât de complexă, capabilă de niște conexiuni atât de incredibile, care coordonează un lucru atât de sofisticat precum un corp omenesc, să nu poată da seama despre sine. Cum se face că nu este capabil să ne spună el cum funcționează și ce probleme are, exact ca un computer care se scanează și declară că are o eroare în sistem. Să fie asta chiar o eroare în sistem, o greșeală a evoluției? Sau noi am pierdut undeva pe drumul transformării noastre în ființe evoluate, chiar capacitatea de autocunoaștere și autoanaliză?
To preface this, I am not someone who often reads sciencey things, I wouldn't say I'm a clever person, I picked this up because I work with teenagers and I want to understand how things might be better for them. Also, that I watched Sarah-Jayne's TED Talk and wanted more.
The book is fascinating, even more so because Sarah-Jayne is very clear in explaining that science creates findings, not facts, so when she refers to a study we can only imagine what the real effects of, say, alcohol on the developing brain, are.
She explains in great detail how each area of the brain may develop, who has studied this and how they went about it. She talks about how different things impact that - how do teenagers deal with risk? Trauma? Education? Still, my favourite thing she explains is the same experiment from her talk, where teenagers are to move items while keeping in mind what another person can and cannot see. This alone has changed the way I interact with young people.
My only criticism of the book is that it seems to be quite a bumpy ride in terms of pitch. There were a couple of chapters that were quite above my head and I read in small chunks so I could get my brain around it, but then there were other chapters when she was explaining about blind trials and the use of controls.
A fascinating review of the current neuroscience research of adolescents. I learnt so much and can now understand what my teenage kids are going through.
1. Teenagers take more risks only when with friends. Adults are immune. 2. Training of maths is better at adolescence not early childhood. 3. At the onset of adolescence there is a performance dip but things get better from there 4. Adolescents use different parts of the brain when thinking of how others think. ( frontal vs adults� temporal) 5. Adolescents are more affected by surroundings and emotion. 6. Adolescents develop the reward centre (limbic system) and emotion (amygdala) before the self control centre ( frontal lobe). This predisposes them to ignore risks but focus on rewards 7. Marshmallow: kids who ate the marshmallow had poorer social and health outcomes as adults 8. To reach out to adolescents, emphasise the effect of their actions to others, not to themselves 9. Marijuana use in adolescence increases the risk of schizophrenia and lowers IQ 10. Alcohol drinking adolescents need to use more parts of their brain for tasks as compared to non drinkers 11. 1 hour each of TV, smartphone, computer and video games is associated with great well being; 0 is worse, but well being decreases with more time spent on those
Adolescent brains are as normal as those of older adults. However, developing a well-calibrated social brain takes time and is challenging. This involves a sophisticated theory of mind, which in turn requires the ability to introspect. The urge to fit in is an inherent disposition, but it's one that needs both nurturing and occasional restraint. The book details the underlying neuroscience, and through this, older adults should be able to help adolescents grow with sympathy and understanding. After all, they are the most creative group, and they will eventually become older adults themselves. Admittedly, the early chapters are stronger, and there are a few digressions. But overall, it's a very readable book and a useful guide.
This book provides a nice summary of research about what we know and don't know about the teenage brain. Blakemore, who is a professor of neuroscience herself, summarizes the research from the past 30-40 years and then describes her (and others') current research that shows how the adolescent brain continues to develop and change. She focuses mostly on executive functioning and the development "social self" Although is is a bit dry, I found it fascinating. Blakemore's 2014 Ted Talk provides the basics:
This goes over a lot of research on teenage brain development; many studies were interesting, though the skeptic in me didn't buy all of the studies or wanted more detail. Not a ton of surprises here, but I do have a better understanding that teens will do anything for the approval of their friends. Also, adolescent mice will drink more alcohol than non-adolescent mice...fun to see this commonality with our rodent friends.
Some good insights into a key area. Well researched and presented by the author although it could have done with fewer psnl anecdotes. BUT This was an audio book narrated by someone who thought putting on accents when quoting research from other countries was a good idea - arrogant, piss-poor imitations and bloody annoying!
This is dense. Which is part of why I wanted to read it because I thought k it’s important to read with variety and pick up nonfiction. That said I think as a reader without a background or latent interest in neuroscience I got the same information from Blakemore’s TED talk on the same topic in a way that was easier (for me) to process and retain.
Very interesting study of the development of the human brain specifically focusing on teenagers. The book is written by the Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London. The main argument of the book is that the brain is still developing through adolescence up to around 24 years of age and that this development accounts in part for some of the characteristics of teenage behaviour like excessive risk taking, exaggerated concern about peer group opinions etc. The writing is very attractive and the book is in no way a difficult or dry read. A large number of the explanations or descriptions of how the brain development may affect or cause certain types of teenage behaviour end inconclusively with a 'We don't know' type statement which highlights the fact that there is still a huge amount that is unknown about the way the brain functions and develops.
It wasn't as focused and topical as I thought. It was an interesting read, but the scope made me feel bait and switched. I had to put it down fairly quickly because I got annoyed with the somewhat cardboard and condescending tone, but always picked it back up hoping to find a little nugget of information that sparked awe or inspiration, or even anything that would get me hooked.
It read like a scientific paper where information was regurgitated and restated to prove or modify hypothesis. Which isn't bad, just not what I was expecting to read.
I have read other personal accounts from scientists that were more accessible and gave me an emotional buy-in as well as kept my interest throughout. I want to go back and read Hope Jahren's Lab Girl just to feel like home again.
This is a great book for anyone who works with teenagers. basically it looks at all the research about adolescent brain development and highlights the reality that the teenage brain is not fully developed yet and so it operates in a way that is different from an adult's. For this reason we need to accept that this places some limitations and difficulties on an adolescent which we probably need to take into consideration if we are to avoid getting really frustrated. Well written and easy to follow.
This was a highly readable book about the differences in the brains of adolescents vs children and adults. The brain goes through a lot of changes and that correlates with the changes in behavior and risk taking we often see in teenagers. The author encourages us to see adolescence as a unique time when the brain changes a lot and not think of it as a deficient time. Adolescents are not just “bad� adults. The chapters are short and full of research that is easy to understand. I really enjoyed this book.
Interesting and informative, although does show how little we know. Highlights reasons as to why all science seems to change week to week, but the author give s a candid account, bit going too deep into the detail.
Not something I would read out of choice, just trying to push myself out of the box a little, so whilst it may not have been my cup of tea, I did find it informative. It was chosen based on a Radio 4 programme I listened to a few weeks ago, I also have a different book from the same programme, although that one will be more in my interest.
Loved this book. Engagingly written with personal anecdotes. I found the beginning hard as I had flash backs to being an extremely self conscious teenager. Second part of book was interesting neurobiology with some inspiration for simple experiments, doable in school. The nuggets that stuck were on thoughts for mathematical teaching, understanding teenagers, the length of adolescence, influence of drugs and alcohol on brain development and I loved the general skepticism for this area of research. There were some interesting moments of scientific caution.