Physical description; xx, 1189 p., [28] p. of plates : ill. ; 25 cm. Notes; Includes bibliography: p. 1127-1150 and index. English. Summary; A comparative study of the lives and careers of Hitler and Stalin. Alternate chapters on each serve both to draw contrasts and highlight parallels. The author gives his reasons for believing that the key to an understanding the character of the two is the same. Subjects; Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945). Stalin, Joseph (1878-1953). Stalin, Iosif (1879-1953). Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) - Studies. Stalin, Joseph (1879-1953) - Studies. Heads of state - Europe - Biography. Heads of state - Soviet Union - Biography. Heads of state - Germany - Biography. Dictators - Germany - Biography. Germany - History - 20th century. Soviet Union - History - 20th century. World War, (1939-1945). Germany - History - (1933-1945). Soviet Union - History - (1925-1953). Europe - History - 20th century. Germany - Foreign relations - Soviet Union - (1933-1945). Soviet Union - Foreign relations - Germany - (1917-1945). Germany - History, (1918-1945). Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - History, (1922-1945). Biographies. biography, individual. Germany. Russia. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Fascism & Nazism ; Biography & autobiography: historical, political & military ; Marxism & Communism. European history: from (c 1900 -). Germany ; Former Soviet Union, USSR (Europe). Political Science / Political Ideologies / Fascism & Totalitarianism. Biography & Autobiography / Political. History / Europe / Germany. History / Modern / 20th Century. Political Science / Political Ideologies / Communism, Post-Communism & Socialism. Genres; Bibliography. Biography. Illustrated.
Dr. Bullock, later Sir Alan and eventually a life peer, diagnosed the malignancies of dictatorship and tyranny that plagued 20th-century Europe. He twinned two such dictators in one of his later studies, ''Hitler and Stalin, Parallel Lives'' (1991, Knopf).
He was the last of three brilliant Oxford historians whose views influenced thought in the English-speaking world and beyond, even when their own views diverged. The others were A. J. P. Taylor and Hugh Trevor-Roper who, for instance, offered a more nuanced interpretation of Hitler than did Dr. Bullock.
While Dr. Bullock originally portrayed Hitler as a diabolical charlatan and cynical opportunist without convictions, Trevor-Roper saw him as an ideologue and demagogue convinced of his own political philosophy. It was a distinction crucial to the understanding of Hitler's initial successes as a politician, statesman and military strategist, and Dr. Bullock reflected it in his double study of Hitler and Stalin.
Nonetheless, his seminal Hitler book of 1952, published a mere seven years after Hitler's end, remained a scholarly classic and stayed in print, in one form or another, for more than half a century.
Dr. Bullock also compiled a three-volume biography of a Labor leader and former foreign secretary who helped shape postwar Britain, ''The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin.'' It took from 1960 to 1983 to complete.
He wrote or edited several other notable books on 20th-century European history, which also appeared in other languages.
Alan Louis Charles Bullock was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, the son of a gardener turned Unitarian preacher. He went to Oxford on a scholarship to study literature and modern history, which became his career, though he earned a doctor of literature degree in 1969.
Severe asthma ruled out military service in World War II; instead he spent it working for the European Service of the BBC as a political and diplomatic correspondent. After the war, he returned to Oxford.
Concentrating on the Third Reich of Hitler, he pored over the minutes of the Nuremberg trials. At the suggestion of the scholar A. L. Rowse, at Oxford, and the publisher Odhams, he produced the first comprehensive life of Hitler.
He also became increasingly active in academic affairs as dean and tutor of New College at Oxford. In 1960 he helped establish St. Catherine's, the university's first new college for graduate and undergraduate students in the 20th century.
He was vice chancellor of Oxford from 1969 to 1973. Over the years his outside interests included the chairmanship of the Tate Gallery (1973-1980). He was a former director of The Observer, joined the Social Democratic Party in 1981 and continued to lecture until 1997.
Dr. Bullock was knighted in 1972. Four years later, the Labor government of Harold Wilson made him a life peer; he took the title Baron Bullock of Leafield in the County of Oxfordshire.
I used to teach Alan Bullock's "Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives" in courses about totalitarianism. Contrary to many other college textbooks, which tend to date rather quickly, this history book seems timeless. Bullock offers a monumental social biography of two of the most evil dictators in human history as well as an epic sketch of an era. Although the author specializes in Hitler, his grasp of Stalin is equally impressive. It rivals, in fact, Robert Conquest's "The Great Terror" in its thoroughness and depth.
As the title suggests, Bullock alternates chapters on Hitler with those on Stalin. He reveals how each dictator relied on his powers of manipulation, deception and opportunism to rise to power and spread totalitarian regimes meant to wipe out the human spirit and large parts of humanity itself across the world. The book also explains how Hitler and Stalin initially operated within the systems which they later (mis)used for their own selfish and nefarious goals. Whatever their rhetoric and ideology, both sociopathic tyrants ultimately craved power for its own sake, at the expense of everyone else, even the causes (and allies) they initially claimed to support.
Bullock's "Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives" gives us a detailed, compelling and extremely informative portrait of the faces of evil. It is an indispensable book for all those who want to understand how totalitarian regimes function and the role sociopathic dictators play in changing the course of history. As luck would have it, sociopaths are too self-serving and power-hungry to form lasting alliances. Had Hitler and Stalin not turned on each other, totalitarianism might have triumphed across the globe. As Winston Churchill famously stated in a speech after the German invasion of the Soviet Union: "If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the devil in the House of Commons."
This book made a positive impression when it appeared in 1991. Alan Bullock’s distinguished academic career had been preceded by the publication of his biography of Hitler, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny which was acclaimed from its publication in 1951 as one of the finest explanations of Hitler. Beginning in the 1970s, Bullock became increasingly fascinated by the comparisons between the Nazi and Soviet empires - the irony of the theoretically opposed ideology but often startlingly similar methods, their tense interrelationship and differences as well. Bullock felt that the focus on the West and Germany had resulted in a neglect of the German-Russian axis - an interest in the East that preceded important studies by historians such as Norman Davies, and more recently the even more tightly focussed study of Timothy Snyder in Bloodlands. Bullock’s book returns to Hitler, focussing on a comparison of him and Stalin as the framework for a comparison of the two regimes. It broadens previous attention to political theory in constructing the concept of the Totalitarian state, and takes a less emotionally invested approach to those in the 1980s who attempted a comparison to try and portray the crimes of the Nazi’s as perversely mitigated by the similarities with Soviet Russia (the Historikerstreit or ‘historian’s fight�). The subtitle is significant - Bullock borrows the concept of “Parallel Lives� from Plutarch, implying similarities but also lines/lives that “never meet or merge�. The structure of the book must have been a challenge. For most of the book he alternates between Hitler/Germany and Stalin/USSR until chapter ten, where the two are compared. Once he reaches a discussion of foreign policy in the 1930s and the period from the Nazi-Soviet pact onwards, the two subjects are dealt with in a more integrated way. This section by its nature flows better and possesses greater coherence however its bedrock is the more individual treatment earlier in the book. Bullock’s writing is pleasing and flows well, workmanlike and unpretentious. His broad reading is supported by the voluminous amounts of primary research materials released during Perestroika and afterwards, and the 1998 second edition contains extensive updates as well as the usual corrections. The well produced first edition hardback shows a standard of publishing which is certainly becoming rarer now, with well laid out pages and about five noticeable ‘typos� in a book of almost 1000 pages. The book balances the elements of historical biography and the necessary context well. It looks at the men on a personal level, although it focusses on the experiences and personal traits which drive their historical actions rather than giving too much about their personal life (thankfully it avoids the dubious realms of pop psychology or obsession with missing testicals etc). The context of the regimes is described well and sufficiently both to describe the men themselves as well as giving a good picture of the politics of the time. There perhaps was some temptation taken to delve a bit more deeply into the tactical and strategic aspects of World War 2 than was strictly necessary although these passages certainly made good reading and provided some good insights. Probably the chapters on World War 2 are those that have dated the most with research over the past twenty years although not to the point of obsolescence. So what are Mr Bullock’s key arguments? One point of strong comparison between the two men is their dual sense of historical purpose. Each believes they have a destiny as great men, which gives them the confidence and determination to pursue power with great effectiveness. They also both possess incredible natural political instincts. The ability to outsmart and outthink their opponents, to surprise them and where necessary ruthlessly devour them. Both men worked their way up from nowhere, completely dependent on their skills for advancement. Stalin had an added handicap of needing to carefully conceal his ambitions in the context of collective leadership, whereas Hitler was free to develop and exploit the ‘Fuhrer myth�. Both had constraints though, and Stalin’s machinations in the 1920s to gain power without revealing his hand have some similarities with the contortions of Hitler’s commitment to ‘legality� in coming to power after the failure of the Beer Hall putsch (although the ultimate goal was never concealed). Stalin’s lowest point, as he was deceived and ultimately humiliated by Hitler is the pivot of the book. It is here that we see the ultimate interaction of the two dictators - Hitler’s strategic brilliance, Stalin’s attempts to buy time. In these pages are one of the most significant factors which will later be telling in the war effort. Yes, Stalin had ripped the heart out of the Red Army (or at least the head) with his purges of the leadership. Hitler and most of Europe didn’t take Russia seriously as a military opponent. However even this did not overcome Hitler’s economic problems. He needed to conquer more territory in order to keep rearming and vice versa. Bullock well points out the Nazi failure to put the full economy on a war footing until surprisingly late in the war, and the lost ground due to competing factions in the Nazi government. The ensuing war is dealt with well at a strategic and diplomatic level. Hitler’s intervention (positive and negative) in military decisionmaking is well covered, as is Stalin’s halting but steadily improving military oversight after the shock of the initial German invasion. Bullock carries the story beyond the final destruction of Hitler’s dream, and his descent to paranoia, blame and a sense that for Germany they would ‘all go down together�. The final years of Stalin’s regime just provide further evidence of his brutal and paranoid nature, as well as the lessons he quickly learnt from history in ensuring the best possible East European buffer for the Soviet Union. Hitler and Stalin is a powerful, detailed book which shows how so many of the central events of the twentieth century revolved around these two men. The ‘great man� theory of history is widely denigrated, but Bullock’s sound exposition of the facts points out clearly both the centrality of these two men to the regimes they ruled as well as how individual will, belief and drive can powerfully influence world historical events, ones which saw a dramatic change from the long nineteenth century, and an ensuing period where perversely immense Western prosperity sat alongside the repercussions of millions of deaths in two great wars. To those who say history is the product of impersonal forces, Bullock’s book can be seen as a weighty and well argued proof that the opposite can be true, and a powerful warning of the consequences of two men who killed millions and changed the world.
Suppose I told you that a thirty-year-old rabble caller who passes out anti-Semitic pamphlets to passersby would one day come one step away from global domination. And, suppose I further told you that a thirty-year-old Marxist hack with the most repugnant personality you ever encountered would take over one-sixth of the globe and assume domination over hundreds of millions? No novelist could paint such a portrait of Hitler and Stalin but Allan Bullock did. Bullock, a historian, not a biographer, wisely stays away from the personal lives of his subjects and concentrates on how each built their incredible political careers. This worked fairly well for Hitler since Bullock knew German and used first-hand sources and not so well for Stalin. Bullock did not know Russian so he relied on the findings of the most violently anti-communist English-language historians of Russia such as Robert Conquest, Robert Tucker, and Leonard Shapiro. A fine introduction to the two protagonists, but no substitute for Joachim Fest's (HITLER (1973) or Adam Ulam's STALIN: THE MAN AND HIS ERA (1973).
Phew... I survived reading this book mentally intact. That feels like a small miracle. It is hard to imagine two more evil men. In fact, at times Parallel Lives reads like fantasy, because it is almost inconceivable that people could actually have behaved like Hitler and Stalin did. But in the end I think the prize for most evil man of the 20th century (or perhaps any century) goes to ... drum roll .... Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. He definitely wins hands down, no question. I think it is poetic justice that he died virtually at his own hand. SPOILER ALERT Having killed off all the doctors in Russia, there was no one to treat him when he got ill. So the bastard died. There is justice in the universe.
I've had this book for years, but haven't gotten around to it until now. Coming from Alan Bullock, one of the well-known Hitler biographers, I wasn't surprised that the writing about Hitler was stronger and more in depth than of Stalin (honestly nothing was very in depth compared to Ian Kershaw). The last hundred or so pages (after 1945) was of course more focused on Stalin, and was really good, though incredibly condensed. The end of the book took me a long time to get through. You can't put eight years in the last hundred pages, and try to cram in every event without giving the reader a major headache. Still, it was good. At 1100 pages, this book is seriously long, and was a time investment. Yet, it barely scratched the surface. As a comparative analysis, it was fascinating. The comparison between the two dictators was the strongest aspect of the book. I've been waiting for Steven Kotkin's Volume three of Stalin for 7 years now (I've read on Wikipedia that it'll be out in 2025). I read Robert Tucker's 2 volumes, but I guess he died before volume three. Maybe there's a Stalin curse. Nobody has really written anything comprehensive on Stalin's finial years.
This is a great addition to world war II collection. The book delivers what is promised in the cover: Parallel lives of Hitler and Stalin, goes in depth of policts behind it all. Communism, nazism ideology, political context, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, you got it all covered.
From everything I've known about Stalin so far, I think few things portray this man, as a phrase that is in the book, when he was informed about his wife suicide "She left me as an enemy".
A classic and must-read for every scholar of World War II. Two definitive biographies for the price of one, with tons of historical analysis and comparisons in strategy and outlook year by year.
A great narrator and historian..don't be put off by the length of this book. Engrossing and a must read for anyone interested in the Third Reich/Stalin's Russia.
Book: Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives Author: Alan Bullock Publisher: � Vintage; Reprint edition (2 November 1993) Language: � English Paperback: � 1152 pages Item Weight: � 1 kg 30 g Dimensions: � 13 x 5.87 x 20.24 cm Price: 2000/-
ইতিহাস নিয়� বই রিভি� করতে ইট্ট� ইট্ট� নজ্জ� লাগে আজকাল।
আর বিশে� কর� স্তালিনে� না� যে যে বইয়� রয়েছে তা নিয়� করতে গেলে তো বিশে� কর� শিশ্� চুলবুল কর� ওঠে।
না জানি আবার কো� ঐতিহাসিক এস� শক্ত শক্ত কোষ্টে� জিজ্ঞে� কর� পুঁটকি জ্যা� কর� দেন।
এই বইটা আবার হিটলার কাকা � মহান স্তালিনে� তুল্যমূল্য বিচার। বুঝু� কান্� !!
আসলে বাস্তবিক� এই যুদ্� ছি� ‘মাস ওয়র�, জানে� তো? এইটা� ছি� 'জনগণের যুদ্�'�
মহান স্তালিনে� আহ্বান� উদ্বুদ্ধ সমাজতান্ত্রি� সোভিয়েট ইউনিয়নে� সাধারণ মানু� সে� যুদ্ধে� ভয়ানক ভারে� প্রধান অংশটাই নিজেদে� নিতম্ব পেতে বহ� করেছেন�
আরেকটা কথ�, ইউরোপে� অন্য দেশগুল� বিধ্বস্ত হয়েছি� ঠিকই, কিন্তু এই ভয়ঙ্ক� যুদ্ধে সবচেয়� বেশি ক্ষয়ক্ষতি হয়েছি� কো� দে� ? সোভিয়েট ইউনিয়� !!
সবচেয়� বেশি সংখ্যক সেনামৃত্যু� শুধু নয�, প্রায় তি� কোটি সোভিয়েট নাগরিক মারা গিয়েছিলেন সে� বিধ্বংসী যুদ্ধে�
নিজেদে� জীবন অকাতরে বল� দিয়� মানবসভ্যতাকে হিটলারের ফ্যাসিবাদে� হা� থেকে রক্ষ� করেছিলেন তাঁরা।
এই বইয়ের ভাষ্যে আর� দু'পিস্ পুরুষ্টু চরিত্র রয়েছে� প্রথমজ� লেলিন। দ্বিতীয়জন হিটু বাবু� হিটলার�
লেলি� সাংঘাতিক ভালোবাসতেন জননায়� স্তালিনকে।
১৯২৩ সালে� � জানুয়ার� লেখা তাঁর নিজে� ১৯২২-এর ডিসেম্বরের চিঠি� সংযোজনীতে স্তালিনক� শুধুমাত্� রূঢ় বলেই লেলি� ক্ষান্� হননি� তিনি আর� যো� করেন একটি অংশ। বলেন: “সেই জন্য আম� কমরেডদের কাছে প্রস্তাব করছি � পদ থেকে স্তালিনক� সরাবার একটা উপায়ে� কথ� ভাবু� � অন্য এম� এক জনকে সে পদ� নিয়োগ করুন, সমস্� ব্যাপারে কমরে� স্তালিনে� চেয়� যা� শুধু একটা গু� বেশি� যথ�, বেশি সহনশী�, বেশি অনুগ�, বেশি ভদ্র, কমরেডদের প্রত� বেশি মনোযোগী, কম খামখেয়ালি ইত্যাদি।�
স্পষ্টতই, দলের � অন্যান্য কমরেডদের প্রত� স্তালিনে� আনুগত্� লেলিনে� কাছে প্রশ্নাতী� ছি� না�
নিজে� সক্রিয� রাজনৈতিক জীবনের শে� কয়ে� মাসে লেলি� বহ� বিষয়ে স্তালিনে� সঙ্গ� বাদানুবাদে লিপ্� হয়েছেন। বৈদেশি� বাণিজ্যে� ক্ষেত্রে রাষ্ট্রে� একচেটিয়� অধিকার রক্ষ�, রাশিয়ার সমস্� জাতিসত্তাগুলির সমানাধিকারের ভিত্তিতে সোভিয়েট ইউনিয়� গঠ� ইত্যাদ� প্রশ্ন� স্তালিনে� সঙ্গ� লেনিনে� বিরো� হয়।
সোভিয়েট ইউনিয়� গঠনে� ক্ষেত্রে অন্যান্য জাতিগুলি� ওপরে স্তালি� বড�-রুশী আধিপত্যবাদ প্রতিষ্ঠ� করতে চাইছিলেন, সে� পরিপ্রেক্ষিত� ৩১ ডিসেম্বর ১৯২২-এর এক নোটে লেলি� স্তালিনক� (এক ‘জর্জিয়ান� বল� উল্লেখ কর�) এক খাঁট� জাতীয়তাবাদী-সমাজতন্ত্রী � এক জন ইত� বড�-রুশী উৎপীড়� বল� উল্লেখ করেন এব� বলেন � ক্ষেত্রে প্রলেতারীয় শ্রেণি-সংহতির স্বার্� স্তালি� দ্বারা লঙ্ঘিত হচ্ছে। ‘বুঝতে হবে� চিঠিতে লেখা হয়েছে, স্তালি� এই চিঠিকে চেপে দেনন� এব� ত্রয়োদশ কংগ্রেসে এই নিয়� আলোচনা হয়।
তা�?
বাস্তব হল: ২২ মে ১৯২৪ কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির মিটিঙে ক্রুপস্কায়া আসন্� ত্রয়োদশ কংগ্রেসে সক� প্রতিনিধির সামন� এট� পা� করার প্রস্তাব দিলে�, স্তালি�, জ়িনোভিয়ে� � কামেনেভে� নেতৃত্বে কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সংখ্যাগরিষ্ঠ অং� � প্রস্তাব খারি� কর� দেয়� সিদ্ধান্� হয�, প্রতিট� আঞ্চলি� প্রতিনিধিদলে� নেতৃত্বক� চিঠিটি আলাদ� ভাবে পড়ে শোনানো হবে। কিন্তু কোনও প্রতিনিধ� এই বিষয়ে নো� রাখত� পারবেন না এব� কংগ্রেসে� পূর্ণাঙ্� অধিবেশনে লেনিনে� চিঠি পা� কর� হব� না�
পার্টি� বিরোধী পক্ষের চাপে লেলিনে� চিঠি� অংশবিশেষ প্রকাশিত হয� ১৯২৭ সালে পার্টি� পঞ্চদশ কংগ্রেসে� একটি বুলেটিনে (স্তালিনক� সাধারণ সম্পাদকে� পদ থেকে অপসারণ করার প্রস্তাবটি ছাপা হয়ন�)�
লেলিনে� সম্পূর্ণ চিঠিটি রাশিয়াত� প্রথ� প্রকাশিত হয� স্তালিনে� মৃত্যু� পর� ১৯৫৬ সালে�
আমরা জানি যে লেলিনে� ন্যাচারা� উত্তরাধিকারী ট্রটস্কিকে কৌশল� সরিয়ে দিয়� ক্ষমতাসী� হওয়� ‘সুযোগ্য উত্তরসূরি� স্তালি�, ফ্যাসিস্� হিটলারের সঙ্গ� এক মৈত্রী চুক্তি করেন, রু�-জার্মা� অনাক্রমণ চুক্তি বা মলোট�-রিবেনট্র� চুক্তি�
১৯৩৯ সালে� ২৩ অগস্� মস্কোত� স্তালিনে� উপস্থিতিতে সে চুক্তি� সঙ্গ� একটি গোপন চুক্তি� স্বাক্ষরিত হয� বাল্টি� দেশগুল� সম্পর্কে, সে দেশগুলির অজ্ঞাতসারে�
আর বেয়াড়া ফিনল্যান্ডকে শায়েস্ত� করতে ১৯৩৯-এর ৩০ নভেম্ব� জল � বিমানপথে সোভিয়েট ‘মুক্তিফৌজ� ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়ে, ছোট্� সে দেশে� সেনাবাহিনী সন্ধ� করতে বাধ্� হয� প্রায় সাড়� তি� মা� লড়া� চালানো� পর�
হিটু বাবু� সম্পর্কে আর কী� বা বল� !!
এটুকুই বল� যায় যে হিটুকে তুলনামুল� ভাবে গণতান্ত্রি� পথেই উঠতে হয়েছে� সুতরাং বক্তৃত� এব� লেখা� ছি� হিটলারের হাতিয়ার� স্তালি� সে� অর্থ� ছি� 'স্ট্রী� ম্যানেজা�'� তা� বক্তৃত� হিটু� তুলনায� এক্কেবার� সাদামাঠা�
কিন্� অর্গানাইজা� হিসাবে স্তালি� অনেক বেশী সফল। নাজি পার্টীতে হিটু� মূ� কা� ছি� স্রে� বক্তৃত� দেওয়া � স্ট্র্যাটেজি প্রণয়� করা। পার্টি গঠনে� কা� করতো গোয়েবলস� নাজি পার্টিতে হিটু� কর্তৃত্ব কখনো� চ্যালেঞ্জে� সম্মুখী� হয� নি�
তাদে� সোর্� নিয়� বলতে গিয়� এই বইয়ের লেখক বলছে� নিম্নলিখিত পয়েন্টগুল� :
�) They were born ten years apart, Stalin on December 21, 1879, at Gori in Georgia, Hitler on April 20, 1889, at Braunau on the River Inn. This gap in age is a fact never to be forgotten in any comparison of the different stages of their careers; it grew even wider at the end, Hitler dying in 1945 at the age of fifty-six, Stalin outliving him to die, in 1953, at the age of seventy-three.
�) Fifteen-hundred miles separated Georgia, on the borderlands of Europe and Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caucasus, and Upper Austria, in the heart of Central Europe, between the Danube and the Alps. An even greater distance separated their historical and social development. Yet there were features in common in the backgrounds of the two men.
�) Neither belonged to the traditional ruling class and it is difficult to imagine either coming to power in the world into which they were born.
�) Their careers were possible only in the new world created by the breakdown of the old order in Europe, as a result of the First World War—of the defeat first of tsarist Russia, then of the Central Powers, and of the revolutions that followed.
�) Yet their ideas and beliefs were formed and remained set in the mold of the world in which they grew up. Stalin’s Marxism, Hitler’s combination of Social Darwinism and racism were nineteenth-century systems that reached the peak of their influence in Europe at the turn of the century, in the last decade of the nineteenth, the first of the twentieth century.
�) The same was true of their tastes in art, architecture, literature, and music, subjects on which they claimed to lay down the law and in which neither showed the least sympathy...
কৌটিল্� তাঁর অর্থশাস্ত্রে বলেছিলেন, রাজা সে� সিদ্ধান্� নেবে� যাতে প্রজার কল্যাণ হবে। প্রজারাও মন� করবে� তাতে প্রজাদের কল্যাণ� রাজা মন� করছে� কল্যাণ হব�, অথ� প্রজার� মন� করছে� এম� সিদ্ধান্� নিলে চলবে না�
� কথ� সত্য যে সরকা� সংখ্যাগরিষ্ঠতা অর্জ� কর� দে� শাসনের জন্য� কিন্তু প্রত� দি� সরকারক� এক অদৃশ্য মতৈক্য রচনা� প্রক্রিয়া গ্রহ� করেই চলতে হয়।
প্লেটো� রাষ্ট্� ভাবনায� সরকা�-সমাজ-ব্যক্ত� নাগরিক এই ধারণাগুলির ভিন্নত� ছি� না� দার্শনিক ভাবে � সব� রাষ্ট্রে� অন্তর্ভুক্� ছিল। যে মানুষটাক� রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞানের জন� বল� হয� সে� অ্যারিস্টটলও কিন্তু কার্যত গুরু� ভাবনাকেই চ্যালেঞ্� কর� বুঝিয়েছিলেন, সরকা� � নাগরিক সমাজের সঙ্গেও রাষ্ট্রে� আকারগত পার্থক্যরেখা আছে।
পৃথিবী� ইতিহাস� কখনও স্তালি�, কখনও হিটলার এক অখণ্� জাতীয়তাবাদে� জিগি� তুলে সে� বিভাজনরেখাকে অবলুপ্� করতে চেয়েছেন� কিন্তু বাস্তব� তা দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সফলত� অর্জ� করেনি।
হিটলার এব� স্তালি� দু’জনে� মতাদর্শগ� ভাবে দু� ভিন্� মেরু� বাসিন্দা হলেও, দু’জনে� কিন্তু জাতীয়তাবাদে� ভিত্তিতে শক্তিশালী রাষ্ট্� গঠনে� কথ� বলেন� ভুলে যাওয়া যায় না হিটলারের দলটি� নামও ছি�, জাতীয় সমাজতন্ত্রী দল�
আমরা আজকে� দিনে বুঝত� পারি যে স্তালিনে� প্রচেষ্ট� ছি�, অন্য রাষ্ট্রে� উপ� দাদাগিরি কর� নিজে� তাঁব� রাখা�
স্তালিনে� মত ছি�, রাশিয়ার স্বার্থে অন্য যে কোনও দেশে� মুক্তিকামী নিপীড়িত জনসাধারণের আকাঙ্ক্ষ� বল� দেওয়া যেতে� পারে� পূর্� ইউরোপে� দেশগুল� এর ভুক্তভোগী�
হিরোশিমা-নাগাসাকিতে আমেরিক� পারমাণবি� বোমা নিক্ষে� করার পর, সবাই যখ� স্তম্ভিত, সারা বিশ্� বিস্ময� � বেদনায� লক্ষ করেছিল, মিত্রশক্তি� আর এক দোসর স্তালিনে� সমাজতান্ত্রি� রাশিয়াও সুযো� বুঝে অনাক্রমণ চুক্তি ভঙ্গ কর� ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়ল মৃতপ্রায� জাপানে� উপর। ইতিহাস এও বল�, ১৯৪৫-এর ফেব্রুয়ারিত�, ইয়াল্টা সম্মেলনে রুজ়ভেল্�-চার্চিলে� সঙ্গ� স্তালিনও দুনিয়াট� ভা�-বাঁটোয়ারা করার সাম্রাজ্যবাদী চক্রান্ত� লিপ্� হয়েছিলেন।
একটি ঘটনা� উল্লেখ করতে বড� লো� হচ্ছ� নবী� কসম।
বিপ্লবের মহাভার� লেলি� তখ� অথর্ব।
ম্যাক্সি� গোর্কি� বাগা� বাড়িত� তখ� লেলি�, স্তালিনে� মাধ্যমেই পার্টি� সব নির্দে� পাঠাতেন। ট্রটস্কি তখনও রে� আর্মির সর্বাধিনায়ক� যুদ্� সংক্রান্� ব্যাপারে ট্রটস্কি� সাথে সরাসরি যোগাযো� রাখতেন লেলিন। এব� এখানেই স্তালিনে� সঙ্গ� লেলিনে� সর্বশে� গন্ডগো� বাধল� ট্রটস্কি� সাথে যোগাযো� রাখা� কা� করতে� লেনিনে� স্ত্রী নাডেজা ক্রুপস্কা। স্তালি� জানতেন� না, ক্রুপস্ক� এই কা� করছে� লেলিনেরই নির্দেশে� ফল� ক্রপস্কা� সাথে একদি� স্তালিনে� বাধল বেদম বাওয়াল। র্টি বহির্ভুত কাজে� জন্য� ক্রুপস্কাক� স্তালি� “সিফিলিটিক হোর� অর্থাৎ “যৌনরো� বাধানো বেশ্যা� বল� গালাগা� দিলেন।
আদতে মেয়েদের বেশ্যা বল� গালাগা� দেওয়া স্তালিনে� পুরানো অভ্যেস� ক্রুপস্ক� তখ� চট� চল্লিশ হয়ে গিয়েছেন� মহান লেলি� নিজে� পুরো ঘটনা জেনে অগ্নিশর্মা�
স্তালি� কিন্তু বলশেভি� দলের গঠনতন্ত্� মেনে কিছু� ভু� করেননি� সত্যিই তো !! তাকে� তো পার্টি� জেনারে� সেক্রেটারী কর� হয়েছে� রে� আর্মির সব নির্দে� তা� হা� দিয়েই ট্রটস্কি� হাতে যাওয়া� কথা।
পিতৃতান্ত্রি� সমাজের অভ্যেস কি আর কম্যুনিজ� দিয়� ধোয়� যায়?
স্তালি� আমলে রাশিয়ায� যে সমাজব্যবস্থা গড়ে উঠেছিল, সেটা মার্ক্�-লেনিনে� সমাজতন্ত্র নয�, নিছক� একটা রাষ্ট্রীয় পুঁজিবাদী ব্যবস্থা� একবিংশ শতাব্দীতে দাঁড়িয়েও স্তালিনক� স্বৈরাচারী না বললে, লেলিনে� আত্ম� মার্ক্সলোক� রক্ত আমাশায� ভুগবে।
হিটু আর স্তালিনে� ফারা� উনিশ বিশ। ঐতিহাসিক ক্যালকুলেশনে স্তালি� আরেকটু পলিশ� মাতৃসঙ্গমী� লেখক দুজনের� জাঙ্গিয়ায� বুড়িমার চকোলেট বোমা ঢুকিয়� ব্লাস্� করিয়ে দিয়েছেন�
১১৫২ পাতা� ব্যাপক বই মাইরি। লেখকের পদবি� Bullock -- এইসব ষাঁড�-মো�-গরুদের দিয়� ইতিহাস লেখা হয� ? পাক্কা সাড়� তি� দি� লেগেছে পড়ে বুঝে উঠতে� ব্রুক্ষু চাড্ডি হল� যা হয� ইনশাআল্লাহ�
The question "Is Trump like Hitler?" inspired me to read some three thousand pages of authentic history concluding with this magnificent tome. The answer is, "Yes, in some ways, now go read three thousand pages of authentic history yourself."
I picked this up for 2 quid at a second hand shop, not expecting much more than a popular distillation of works I've already read (Kershaw, Evans, Service, etc.). I also didn't expect the comparison approach to work well. But I was wrong. While Bullock doesn't bring to light new facts as such, his storytelling and organisation is compelling and the comparison works. He never falls for psychohistory, although takes the views seriously and while it is mostly top-down history, acknowledges important structural issues when appropriate. Evans is broader and Kershaw and Service go deeper, but this is a fantastic primer to the first half of the 20th century from the perspective of its two most notorious characters. One big question mark was the David Irving citation at one point, but it refers to a quote that doesn't affect the overall interpretation (which is very much against Irving's holocaust denial). Best of all, although familiar names like Robert Conquest and Richard Pipes pop up, Bullock seems to genuinely want to understand Soviet history, setting him apart from the cold war warriors of his generation. Big, but worthy read.
Bullock delivers a fascinating exploration of the similarities between these two infamous leaders, made stronger and more convincing by the choice to compare their experiences at the same age (instead of what was happening in each man's life in a given year, say, 1938). A window not only into the lives of these two men, but the relationship between one's past and one's future.
Toto je monumentální dílo a jedna z nejlepších (navíc komparativních) biografií, jaké jsem kdy četl. Vlastně jsem to četl kdysi při studiích v Americe a teď mi přišlo dobré se k tomu vrátit - přiměli mě k tomu pánové Trump a Putin resp ideologické sbližování (extrémní) pravice a levice.
Bullock v knize popisuje životy Hitlera i Stalina, od dětství až po grande finale, a ukazuje jakým způsobem upevňovali svou moc, postavení, kult osobnosti. Ve zkratce kniha popisuje, že technologický postup budování nacistické nebo bolševické moci byl (a je) v podstatě stejný. Od vytvoření ideologie, omezování demokratického systému vah a protivah (vládnutí exekutivními dekrety), eliminaci či kriminalizaci třídního (vnitřního) nepřítele, nalezení úhlavního externího nepřítele, po budování paramilitárních či ozbrojených složek, od mládeže po dospělé.
Extrémní levice a pravice si podává ruce a má mnoho společného, v mnohých ohledech jedno jsou. A pak, že se historie neopakuje😉 Kdyby si více lidí přečetlo tuto knihu, svět by byl lepší...
On January 30, 1933, German president Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler to be the Chancellor of Germany. In November 1933, Hitler said, "I did not become Chancellor in order to act otherwise than I have preached for fourteen long years."
IMHO, it is necessary to note that unfortunately and to the shame of German people, Hitler came to power through the democratic election process on 07/31/1932 via popular support.
Below is the extract from Wikipedia ...
"The German parliamentary election of 31 July 1932, saw great gains by the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, NSDAP ), which for the first time became the largest party in parliament ================================================== NSDAP election results ================================================ Vote percentage (change) Seats (change) 37.8% +19.0% 230 +123 ================================================== " Every Nation has its history and there is such thing as Nation's historical legacy and responsibility. The historical blame for what German people did via popular support of overall Nazi's ideology remains in the books of history FOREVER! The blame could not be assigned to Hitler alone - thousands of SS, SD Gestapo personnel was actively consciously and willingly involved with killings of millions innocent civil people - that was their daily *routine* during WW2 ! - this level of crime does not have (and hopefully will never have) any historical parallels ... Stalin, on another hand, was handed the power from the top as a self proclaimed successor to Lenin (without any democratic elections at all).
Returning to German vs Russia comparison ... So while Russia never was (up to now, inclusively) a democratically ruled country, Germany (as Weimar Republic) for 14 years (from 1919) was.
Here is another extract from Wikipedia
" Germany's period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the NSDAP and Adolf Hitler in 1933. Although the constitution of 1919 was never officially repealed, the legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The constitution became irrelevant; thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich."
Also it is important to note that the majority of victims of Stalin's regime was among the population of his own country (USSR), while the majority of Hitler's victims were people of other (than Germany) countries. Stalin did not openly supported and conducted the policy of Genocide, while Hitler did. As every one (I hope) knows, Hitler's policy of Genocide was directed towards extermination of Jews (Holocaust - 6 millions of Jewish lives lost) and Gypsies.
Also, if someone wants to get the idea of the Stalin psychology (as a dictator) I suggest to read "Children of the Arbat" by Anatoly Rybakov.
This was a long read and it took all my powers of concentration to finish it 🙃. The author puts Hitler and Stalin under a microscope. They both were power-hungry and used their considerable talents to do evil 😈 instead of good. Uncountable lives were destroyed 😔 by them. It is unfortunate that despite numerous attempts were made on Hitler's life he survived and committed suicide while in an underground bunker in Berlin.Stalin lived into his 70's. The legacy he left was measured by Krushchev and others and found to be wanting. "Khrushchev charged Stalin with having fostered a leadership cult of personality despite ostensibly maintaining support for the ideals of communism" (Wikipedia). After he died Stalin was embalmed and placed in a mausoleum near Lenin. But after Krushchev's Secret Speech his body was quietly removed after several years and buried in an obscure place beside the Kremlin.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
The magnitude of this accomplishment almost circumvents any criticism, but as an average reader and historian I have to remark that the exceptional nature of this book is its triumph and downfall at once. It is researched and assessed to the most minuscule detail, fashioned in an intriguing timeline approach, comparing the careers of these two tyrants. And it is a very important read as it reminds us that the unbelievable is possible, that one man in the right place—and two in the right time—is capable of unbelievable inhumanity and evil.
It is heady stuff, and Bullock’s depth and style are full. It’s not an easy read. Brilliant, but possibly only fully grasped the equally brilliant.
However, as with Shirer’s Rise and Fall, an enduring account of the darkest period in human history, and a reminder of what must be done to let similar insanity happen again. In that, it’s indispensable.
Descomunal biografía de los dos mayores dictadores del siglo, el libro más grande que me he leído (1.776 páginas) de tirón. Y ese es probablemente, el único pero que le pongo, de tan largo hay momentos en que se hace pesado y reiterativo. Como soy muy cabezón decidí leerlo de golpe y eso lastra la calidad de la experiencia. Mi consejo, intercalar o leer otro libro junto a él. Por cierto, luego averigüe que se publicó en su época en dos tomos, lo cual lo hace más lógico y llevadero. El libro en sí es impecable, uno de esos volúmenes que son imprescindibles para los que estén interesados en esa época o en esta pareja. Ilustrativo, razonado, interesante, a veces polémico y siempre atrayente. El único pero, el comentado, su tamaño hace que por momentos parezca que las páginas no pasan y el libro crece cada vez que lo coges. Por esta razón le pongo 4 estrellas ya que no puedo ponerle 5.
I read this book when it first came out over 20 years ago, and last school year I picked it up and started over again. While it is a bit dated, this is the only serious work to ever lay the lives of history's two most deadly dictators side by side. While Bullock's style is a bit dry in places, the scope of his scholarship is truly impressive. There are some golden quotes in this book, not just about Hitler and Stalin, but about the similarities and differences between Nazism and Communism. Overall, if one has the patience for a 900 page read, this is one of the most comprehensive looks at these two men ever undertaken.
To understand History and how Evil comes to power. Its important to understand this Evil in it's purest form so it cannot happen again. I am so concerened that it is happening again, look at the power vacume of the presidency today. The out of control spending, trying to take away our guns, the un-informed voters, the people who vote themselfs service and the lack of people who really want to work. So many great men and women of the day died during this horrific period. It was a good book, but it makes you realize history can repeat itself.
Brilliant. The longest book I've ever read! I have learnt so much about Stalin and the rise and continuation of communism. It was also a great way to learn about Stalin - in comparison with Hitler. Actually I learnt a lot about Hitler too! The author was right - religious fundamentalism had taken over as the biggest threat to the world after the Cold War ended. Would be great to read an updated version, there must be additional info around now 20 years after this was published.
Took me a while but I finally finished reading this book. I frankly got overwhelmed with the level of detail and appalled at the level of suffering in the world for which these two men were responsible. I had to keep stopping to allow myself to calm down and let my disgust with these two men dissipate. It is an object lesson on how dictators take control.
Great work of historical synthesis. Made me better understand the context in which Ceausescu and the post-war dictators developed, following the examples of the one-man-rule regimes so well covered in this book.
This is a first-rate book for the general reader. Alan Bullock distills a vast amount of material into a clear narrative. The style is elegant and crisp: there’s no shortage of detail, but he ensures that the reader doesn’t get bogged down in a swamp of superfluous information. Highly recommended.