Okay. You have gathered data in a study. You expect to find something specific. You develop the hypothesis that, say, people with higher education are more likely to vote in elections. You do a statistical analysis and find that higher education is associated with voting turnout. But could that finding have happened by chance? Or is it strong enough that it probably represents a "real" relationship? This is the domain in statistics of tests of significance. In short, are the findings so strong that they are unlikely to have happened by chance alone. The standard test is to determine if it could have happened by chance only 5% of the time or less. If so, traditionally, we would say that the relationship is probably "true." Of course, there is a 5% chance that we are wrong and that the relationship, in fact, happened by chance alone.
Anyhow, this is a solid introduction to the subject, although it is not an easy read. . . .